• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 1980

The main purposes of the nutrition and clinical surveys were to provide baseline information on the nutritional status of pre-school children in rural health demonstration project areas of the Korea Health Development Institute (KHDI) for nutrition guidance services for the MCH target group. The survey covered a total of 222 pre-school children and 135 mothers in Okgu Gun, Cholla Pukto Province from August 10 to August 17, 1979. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1) Family Environment Seventy percent of the households had more than three children, and the mean family sire was 6. Sixty-nine percent of the mothers and 47% of the fathers of the surveyed households were educated at or below the primary school level. The majority, 70% of the mothers, were aged between 20 years and 35 years. 2) Anthropometric Measurements and Hemoglobin Value 4.5% of the children were lower than 80% weight for age of the Korean standard, and 5.4% were lower than 85% arm circumference for age of the Jelliffe's standard resectively, and those were suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. Angular stomatitis were observed on 66.2% of the subjects. Mean hemoglobin value was 11.1g/100m1, and 44.2% of the subjects were categorized as anaemia. 3) Food and Nutrient Intake of animal foods was very low, ranging from 2.9 to 17%. Consumption of eggs was less than 2% of total food intake, and intake of legumes was also very scanty, between 0.8 to 3.7%. These data present evidence of very poor protein intake, quality as well as quantity. Energy intake of children was 60.0 to 64.4% of the recommended allowance, and mean protein intake only met 47.4% of the recommendation. Low intake of vitamins except thiamin were also found. 4) Mother's Nutrition Knowledge Eighty-five percent of the mothers were entirely ignorant regarding the 'five basic food group' which is most important fact on food and nutrition guidance. Mean knowledge score from 14 basic questions about food and nutrition was as low as 5.1. There was a significant positive correlation between mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score. 5) Family Planning Variable There were significant correlation among maternal, family planning variables, and some of the nutritional and physical measurements. The study revealed that the mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score are more crucial factors than the family planning variables on effecting food intakes on children. Recommendation : According to the results of the surveys, there were high incident rates of nutritional anaemia and angular stomatitis among pre-school children, and most of rural women had very limited knowledge about food and nutrition. As a main part of the health education activities, the community health workers should provide nutrition education to the village mothers to improve the nutrional status of young children in rural areas. Nutrional promotion at the primary health care level should be mainly based on appropriate nutrition education.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.151-161
• /
• 2018

Background: Family values of a married woman may be related to her own depressive mood. Since depressive mood of a married woman is likely to exert a negative influence, in terms of mental health, on her, her family members, and the whole society's, it may be very important to explore the relationship between family values in married women and their depressive mood. Methods: In this study, we analyzed nationally representative 5,818 married women aged 20 years or older from the 4th panel data of 2012 Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families. As for variables of interest, we constructed three family values variables: family-oriented view of marriage, individualistic view of marriage, and traditional view of marital roles. Then we employed multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore the relationship between family values and depressive mood, adjusting for family and socio-demographic factors. Results: In total, 804 married women (18.4%) had experienced depressive mood. All of the three family values variables were significant in their relationships with depressive mood. The women categorized as 'very weak' in family-oriented view of marriage were more likely to experience depressive mood than the women categorized as 'very strong' (odds ratio [OR], 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-2.55). By contrast, the women categorized as 'very weak' in individualistic view of marriage (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.33-0.55) and in traditional view of marital roles (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.92) were less likely to experience depressive mood than their respective counterpart women categorized as 'very strong.' Conclusion: In Korea, married women's values towards marriage itself and roles between wives and husbands had significant associations with their depressive mood. This suggests that in order to improve mental health in married women, we need to take social and cultural dimensions into consideration along with public health interventions.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.16 no.10
• /
• pp.235-254
• /
• 2016

This study examined the mediation effect of the family resilience between the family stress and social problem solving ability of the women social worker and welfare specialist, considering that women's middle age needs the resilience including the adaptation, reestablishment in the family life cycle. The sampling target was the 328 women social workers in the middle age, and it performed the Sobel Test for the mediation effect verification after enforcing the multiple regression analysis, next, it is same. Firstly, the economic problem was most highly severe among the family stress subfactor. Secondly, there was altogether the part mediation effect of the family resilience' subfactors, ie, communication processes, belief systems and organizational patterns between the family stress and social problem solving ability. In conclusion, if the family stress which the middle aged women social worker confronted was accurately analyzed and the family is intervened so that the family resilience functions properly, the social problem solving ability would be able to be improved.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.97-109
• /
• 2011

As a marketing vehicle to survive in intensified retailing competition, retailer brand development has been adopted by retailers in Korea. As evidence, the retailer brand share of a major retailer, Tesco Korea, has grown from 20% in 2007 to 22.8% in the first half of 2008. It means that retailers have provided more and more retailer brand foods for customers. With the growing accessibility to retailer brand foods, it would be expected that the number of retailer brand food claims will increase. Customers have increasingly exposed to a variety of marketing activities conducted by retailers. When buying the retailer brand foods, customers tend to be affected by marketing activities of retailers. Despite the fact that customers trust retailers and then, buy their brand foods, in case of food accidents caused by production process, customers have to seek compensation from a retailer brand supplier. Of course, a retailer tends to shift its responsibility to its suppliers. Accordingly, it is not easy for customers to solve food claims. The research, therefore, aims at exploring the relationship between the buying-decision processes of retailer brand customers and which side takes legal responsibility for food claims. To effectively achieve the research aim, the author adopted a quantitative and a qualitative research technique, in order to supplement the disadvantages of each method. Before field research, based on the developed research model, the author pre-tested questionnaire with 10 samples, amended, and handed out to 400 samples. Amongst them, 316 questionnaires are available. For a focus group interview, 9 participants were recruited, who are students, housewives, and full-time workers, aged from 20s to 40s. Through the focus group interview as well as the questionnaire results, it was found that most customers were influenced by a retailer or store image in a customer's mind, retailer reputation and promotional activities. Surprisingly, customers think that the name of a retailer is a more important factor than who produces retailer brand foods, even though many customers check a retailer brand supplier, when making a buying-decision. Rather than retailer brand suppliers, customers trust retailers. That is why they purchase retailer brands. Nevertheless, production-related food claims is not involved with retailers. In fact, it would be difficult for customers to distinguish whether a food claim is related to selling or manufacturing processes. Based on research results, from a customer perspective, the research suggests that the government should require retailers to take the whole responsibility for retailer brand food claims, preventing retailers from passing the buck to retailer brand suppliers. In case of food claims, in order for customers to easily get the compensation, it is necessary to reconsider the current system. If so, retailers have to fully get involved in retailer brand production stage, and further, the customer awareness of retailer brands will be improved than ever before. Retailers cannot help taking care of the whole processes of retailer brand development, because of responsibility. As a result, the process to seek compensation for food claims might become easier, and further, the protection of customer right might be improved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.71-81
• /
• 2013

This study analyzed the consciousness and attitudes of local residents to the development plan of Sobaeksan Jarackgil by applying the social exchange theory to provide basic data for the establishment of the Mountainous Ecology Trail Development Plan, collecting opinions of local residents. For this, we conducted a self-administered questionnaire survey and personal interview targeting 150 residents of seven villages. Summarizing the results, first, because of analyzing the consciousness of the residents, most of the local residents turned out to be aware of the Sobaeksan Jarackgil development plan and agreed on it. Second, as a result of analyzing the consciousness of residents, for attitudes according to gender, females expected more than males of exchanging with visitors and excavation of cultural assets. Furthermore for attitudes according to age, groups aged under 60 turned out to be concerned about the increase of environmental pollutions, rise in crimes, destruction of cultures, and the induction of conflicts among residents. For attitudes according to occupations, farm workers were worried about the destruction of ecology, and for local characteristics and damages to the landscape, all of the local residents turned out to be concerned. It was shown that groups that agreed on the development plan expected positively on most of the items of economic, environmental, and sociocultural aspects, while those that disagreed on the plan were anxious for negative effects such as landscape damages and the increase of environmental pollutions from the environmental point of view, and the induction of conflicts among residents from the point of sociocultural perspective.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.65 no.2
• /
• pp.79-102
• /
• 2013

This study aimed at empirically analysing the double discrimination on the elderly with disabilities due to both age and disabilities in the labor market. To achieve this research goal, real employment probabilities and hourly wages of the elderly disabled(below "ED") were compared with those of the young disabled(below "YD") and those of the elderly non-disabled(below "END") to calculate empirical differentials between ED's and YD's, and ED's and END's. The differential decompositions between groups were applied by the Oaxaca(1973). The study results were as followings. First, the real gaps of the employment probabilities between ED and YD only appeared at the regular jobs and the gaps due to the characteristics between ED and YD were bigger than those due to the age discrimination. Second, on the contrary, the gaps of the hourly wages were caused by age discrimination more than characteristics between YD and ED. Third, it was not true that the elderly with disabilities take double discriminations in the labor market. It is therefore required to give the additional incentives to ED workers with government subsidies of employment promotion for the disabled provided. Second, it is proposed that the integrations the employment policies for the disabled with those for the aged because the disability as dependent valuable didn't have statistically significant effects on the employment probabilities and the hourly wage levels.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.3-10
• /
• 2015

The purpose of the study was to investigate the policy implication and a usage model for aging workforces of research and development field in the era of working age population decline and the introduction of the retirement age legislation. In spite the importance of the use for aging workforces of R&D, previous studies have not been taken in terms of R&D workforces. In addition, the activated policies and services was implemented for the aged and retired people. Therefore, we suggested the usage model in four folds: 1) internal employment model, which is to hire and employ pre-retired active workforces by their retirement age, 2) internal and external linkage model, which is to make them to depart from their previous workplaces and move them to new workplaces where they can apply their knowledge and skills, 3) extending retirement age model, which is to expand their age limit and provide their job opportunities after they left their work, and 4) ouplacement model, which is to provide them with employment information and service as well as operate the educational programs before they leave the workpalce. Finally, we suggested the update of legislation and law for old workers, government supports for retiring workforces, and the conversation and compromise between R&D workforces and managers of workplaces.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.25-29
• /
• 2015

Background: Shift work has been associated with occupational stress in health providers and in those working in some industrial companies. The association is not well established in the law enforcement workforce. Our objective was to examine the association between shift work and police work-related stress. Methods: The number of stressful events that occurred in the previous month and year was obtained using the Spielberger Police Stress Survey among 365 police officers aged 27-66 years. Work hours were derived from daily payroll records. A dominant shift (day, afternoon, or night) was defined for each participant as the shift with the largest percentage of total time a participant worked (starting time from 4:00 AM to 11:59 AM, from 12 PM to 7:59 PM, and from 8:00 PM to 3:59 AM for day, afternoon, and night shift, respectively) in the previous month or year. Analysis of variance and covariance were used to examine the number of total and subscale (administrative/professional pressure, physical/psychological danger, or organizational support) stressful events across the shift. Results: During the previous month and year, officers working the afternoon and night shifts reported more stressful events than day shift officers for total stress, administrative/professional pressure, and physical/psychological danger (p < 0.05). These differences were independent of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and police rank. The frequency of these stressful events did not differ significantly between officers working the afternoon and night shifts. Conclusion: Non-day shift workers may be exposed to more stressful events in this cohort. Interventions to reduce or manage police stress that are tailored by shift may be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.228-239
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the variables of foodservice employees's job satisfaction. The questionnaires to measure job satisfaction were completed by 323 employees in the Gyunggi province. Foodservice employees' job satisfaction was evaluated by the modified Smith method(1969). All statistical data analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Science(SPSS version 12.0). The study results were as follows; 1. The demographic data showed that 65.3% of respondents aged in 40~49 years old, 96% were married, 68.8% were high school graduates, 10.2% were college graduates and 93.5% were contracted employees. 2. Factors that influenced job satisfaction among employees varied significantly. Older workers tended to be more satisfied in their job. In addition, those who had graduated college showed the highest job satisfaction score(3.03). Subjects who had graduated university showed the lowest job satisfaction score(2.05). Subjects who had worked for 2-3 years showed the highest satisfaction scores concerning their relationships with coworkers(3.33), whereas those who had worked less than 2 years showed the lowest (3.14). Regarding school type, employees working in high schools had the highest job satisfaction scores, whereas those working in middle schools had the lowest. Satisfaction of leaving school time, ‘after 4 pm group’ had the highest score(3.01). 3. The correlation between salary satisfaction and job satisfaction was significant(r=0.307, p<0.001). In addition, the correlation between job satisfaction and work satisfaction was also significant(r=0.444, p<0.001). The correlation between job satisfaction and satisfaction about relations with coworkers was significant(r=0.118, p<0.01). The correlation between salary satisfaction and work satisfaction was significant(r=0.308, p<0.001). The correlation between salary satisfaction and satisfaction about relation with coworkers not significant, but it was negative(r=0.307, p<0.001). The correlation between work satisfaction and satisfaction about relations with coworkers significant(r=0.210, p<0.001). According to this study, job satisfaction and salary were positively related. This study provides foodservice managers useful information for design positions that will increase productivity. Future study is needed to determine the factors that will improve job satisfaction and satisfy the employees' needs, which in turn will improve school food service quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.75-79
• /
• 2009

The purposes of this study were to find out the factors affecting the continuous participation of volunteer activities for disaster relief and to provide implications for the efficient management of sustainable disaster relief volunteer activities. In order to achieve these purposes, we investigated how much individual characteristics, the volunteer attitude and motivation, and institutional characteristics, respectively, affect the duration of disaster relief volunteer activities. The research was carried out targeting 261 disaster relief volunteer workers, aged over 20, who affiliated to various volunteer centers. Data were collected by survey methodology from May 7th to May 27th, 2008. A frequency analysis and a multiple regression were utilized for analyzing data. The results of this study were as follows: the continuity of volunteer activities of the subjects are likely to be high when they are older, have a job, are highly motivated, are assigned properly to the placement and task. Based on the results of this study, some practical implications were suggested. First, since placement and task assignment managed by volunteer organizations are very important for the continuity of volunteer activities, those organizations should have developed diverse volunteer activity programs considering volunteers' characteristics and interest. Second, the managers of those organizations need to sufficiently consider the characteristics of volunteers such as age and job when dispatching volunteers in disaster areas. The managers should help their volunteers to immerse in their volunteer work. Finally, it is necessary to induce social concern and support in disaster relief volunteer activities in order to make volunteers especially with jobs be constantly active in disaster relief activities.