• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.467-479
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• 2018

The aging process induces a plethora of changes in the body including alterations in hormonal regulation and metabolism in various organs including the heart. Aging is associated with marked increase in the vulnerability of the heart to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, it significantly hampers the development of adaptive response to various forms of conditioning stimuli (pre/post/remote conditioning). Aging significantly impairs the activation of signaling pathways that mediate preconditioning-induced cardioprotection. It possibly impairs the uptake and release of adenosine, decreases the number of adenosine transporter sites and down-regulates the transcription of adenosine receptors in the myocardium to attenuate adenosine-mediated cardioprotection. Furthermore, aging decreases the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha ($PGC-1{\alpha}$) and subsequent transcription of catalase enzyme which subsequently increases the oxidative stress and decreases the responsiveness to preconditioning stimuli in the senescent diabetic hearts. In addition, in the aged rat hearts, the conditioning stimulus fails to phosphorylate Akt kinase that is required for mediating cardioprotective signaling in the heart. Moreover, aging increases the concentration of $Na^+$ and $K^+$, connexin expression and caveolin abundance in the myocardium and increases the susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, aging also reduces the responsiveness to conditioning stimuli possibly due to reduced kinase signaling and reduced STAT-3 phosphorylation. However, aging is associated with an increase in MKP-1 phosphorylation, which dephosphorylates (deactivates) mitogen activated protein kinase that is involved in cardioprotective signaling. The present review describes aging as one of the major confounding factors in attenuating remote ischemic preconditioning-induced cardioprotection along with the possible mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.249-252
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• 2015

Primary renal tumors are uncommon in dogs with prevalence rate of approximately 1%. Renal carcinoma originating from epithelium of proximal convoluted tubules are more likely to be affected to Middle-aged dogs (average age, 8y), males about twice as often as bitches. A 10-year-old, female, German Shepherd dog with history of anorexia, vomitting and hematuria was referred to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Division in Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency. The dog was necropsied and several organs were collected, fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned for histopathology. Grossly, the kidneys were bilaterally enlarged ($18{\times}12{\times}8cm$; left, $18{\times}10{\times}8cm$; right). The numerous cysts varying sizes from 3 to 6 cm in diameter were protruding from the surface of both kidney. A large nodule ($10{\times}6{\times}6cm$) was discovered between cardiac and diaphragmatic lobe in the right lung. Immunohistochemical examination revealed strong positive reaction to cytokeratin and ki-67 in the nuclei of the epithelial tumor cells. But showed negative reactions to vimentin and CD10. Based on the pathological and immunohistochemical examination, we diagnosed as the bilateral renal cystadenocarcinoma in German shepherd dog.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.78 no.4
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• pp.396-400
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• 2015

IgG4-related disease is an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory disease, characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration composed of IgG4-positive plasma cells of various organs with elevated circulating levels of IgG4. This disease is now reported with increasing frequency and usually affects middle-aged men. Massive pleural effusion in children is an uncommon feature in IgG4-related disease. Here, we report a case of a 16-year-old male patient with extensive IgG4-related disease presenting with massive pleural effusion, mediastinal mass, and mesenteric lymphadenopathy.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.577-583
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• 2008

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is characterized by proliferation of pathological Langerhans cells within different organs. It mainly affects children, but adult cases also occur, with an incidence rate of one to two per million. LCH results from the clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells. And its etiopathogenesis is still unknown. The hypothesis that it is a neoplastic or inflammatory disease, as well as the existence or not of immunological, viral or genetic predisposing factors, has been widely discussed in the literature, but no conclusive proof has ever been provided. Although lesions may appear in tissues of various origins such as skin, hypothalamus, liver, lung, or lymphoid tissue, bone is the most common site of the disease. The head and neck are affected in almost 90% of cases. The maxillary and mandibular bones are affected in 5 to 10% of cases. In our report, we present four cases of LCH in patients aged 3, 4, 7 and 9 years respectively, with primary manifestation in maxillofacial area.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2018

Background Liposuction has become one of the most frequently performed procedures in the field of aesthetic surgery. Fat embolism syndrome after liposuction can easily be overlooked or underestimated; however, occasionally, fulminating fat embolism syndrome can develop and lead to a critical situation within 2-3 days after lipoplasty. Changes over time in the amount of circulating fat particles and the histology of major organs have not yet been studied. Methods This study was conducted using 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 12 weeks and weighing 500-628 g (average, 562 g). Fifteen rats were used as the experimental group and 3 as the control group. Under general anesthesia, tumescent-technique liposuction was performed at the lateral flank areas and abdomen for 1 hour. Blood, lung, and brain tissue specimens were obtained at 1 hour, 1 day, and 2 days after the liposuction procedure. Results The average number of fat particles in the blood samples was 25,960/dL at 1 hour, 111,100/dL at 24 hours, and 21,780/dL at 48 hours. The differences between study groups were statistically significant. Both intravascular and extravascular fat particles with inflammation were seen in all 15 rats, as were inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, and consolidation with shrinkage of the lung alveoli. Conclusions These results imply that there is a strong possibility of fat embolism syndrome after liposuction in real clinical practice, and the first 24-48 hours after the operation were found to be the most important period for preventing pulmonary embolism and progression to fulminating fat embolism syndrome.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1403-1413
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• 2023

Objective: Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) maintains intestinal homeostasis by detoxifying bacterial endotoxins and regulating gut microbiota, and lipid absorption. Antibiotics administered to animals can cause gut dysbiosis and barrier disruption affecting animal health. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the role of IAP in the intestinal environment in dysbiosis. Methods: Young male mice aged 9 weeks were administered a high dose of antibiotics to induce dysbiosis. They were then sacrificed after 4 weeks to collect the serum and intestinal organs. The IAP activity in the ileum and the level of cytokines in the serum samples were measured. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of RNA from the intestinal samples was performed using primers for tight junction proteins (TJPs) and proinflammatory cytokines. The relative intensity of IAP and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in intestinal samples was evaluated by western blotting. Results: The IAP activity was significantly lower in the ileum samples of the dysbiosis-induced group compared to the control. The interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were significantly higher in the ileum samples of the dysbiosis-induced group. The RNA expression levels of TJP2, claudin-3, and claudin-11 showed significantly lower values in the intestinal samples from the dysbiosis-induced mice. Results from western blotting revealed that the intensity of IAP expression was significantly lower in the ileum samples of the dysbiosis-induced group, while the intensity of TLR4 expression was significantly higher compared to that of the control group without dysbiosis. Conclusion: The IAP activity and relative mRNA expression of the TJPs decreased, while the levels of proinflammatory cytokines increased, which can affect intestinal integrity and the function of the intestinal epithelial cells. This suggests that IAP is involved in mediating the intestinal environment in dysbiosis induced by antibiotics and is an enzyme that can potentially be used to maintain the intestinal environment in animal health care.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2021

We aimed to investigate the age-dependent development of digestive organs, intestinal enzymes, and hepatic antioxidant defense system in White Leghorn chicks aged 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Body weight (BW) did not significantly change between days 0 and 7 but significantly increased (P<0.05) after day 7. The relative liver weight (g/100 g of BW) was significantly lower at day 0 than at the other ages but markedly increased at days 3 and 7 (P<0.05). The relative pancreatic weight changed similar to the change in liver weight, with the maximum development at 7 days (P<0.05). The relative intestinal and mucosal tissue weights increased rapidly after hatching (P<0.05), with the maximum growth at 7 days. Furthermore, maltase and sucrase activities were significantly higher at day 3 than at day 0 (P<0.05). Leucine aminopeptidase activity was high at day 0 and remained constant as age increased. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the liver were the lowest at day 0 but significantly increased after 7 days (P<0.05). Glutathione peroxidase activity increased significantly after day 14 compared with that at days 0 and 7 (P<0.05). Lipid peroxidation was not affected by age. In conclusion, the digestive organ weights and hydrolase activity of chicks increased rapidly during the first 3 or 7 days post-hatching. Hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity increased simultaneously with the increase in digestive organ weights, after 7 days.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.173-181
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• 1969

Since 1959 ${\beta}-aminoethylphosphonic$ acid was discovered in the living organism, the biosynthesis and biological functions of aminophosphonic acids have been extensively studied. The author designed and carried out this study for 14 weeks to find out the metabolic function of Ethylaminophosphonic acid (AEP) and it's utilization in the living body. Sixty rats, thirty males and thirty females aged $40{\pm}5$ days were divided into two parts, one for alanine supplemented as control group and the other for AEP as experimental group to compare metabolic pathway of ordinary amino acid with that of AEP. Both alamine and AEP group were divived into two subgroups according to the level of supplements, 0.1% and 0.2% of the diet. The major components of the diet in this study were composed of 20% casein, 72% Sugar, 4% fat, 4% salt Mixture, and all kind of Uitamins in adeguate amount. For comparision of biological values between experimental and control group in terms of body weight, uninary nitrogen, creatinine excretion and final orgam weight, there were no statically significant difference in these respects. This meant AEP could be utilized in the body as much as alanine could. Urinary phosphorus excretion was determined by developing the blue color to read on the Spectronic 20. Statistically insignificance in the urinary phosphorus excretion between experimental and control group was observed in spite of the supplementation of phosphorus of AEP for experimental group in the diet. The level of blood phosphorus was higher in experimental group than that in control group this result supported above result. In the analysis of fat and nitrogen contents in the liver, AEP group showed slightly higher than control in both respects. But it was noteworthy 0.2% AEP group in both sex were higher than 0.1% AEP in liver fat content. Histological examinal of internal organs liiver, lung, spleen, heart, kindey, adrenal and sex organs showed no changes in all groups included in this study. The group supplemented higher level of diet. by alanine 0.2% and AEP 0.2% stayed on less body weight gain and lower liver weight. This result could be interpreted that amino acid imbalanced condition was arose in the body.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 1985

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the adrenal function on the reproductive organs in immature rats treated with PMS. Two hundred and ten female rats (Wistar-Imamichi albino rats) of 21 days old (body weight : $58.7{\pm}3.53g$) were disposed in the intact rat group (Int.-) and adrenalectomized rat group (Adx.-) and then each group was devided into 3 subgroups, such as control (-Cont.), PMS treated (-PMS) was administered subcutaneously with 25 IU PMS, and and PMS cortisol treated groups (-PMS+Corti.) with 25 IU PMS and $30.0{\mu}g$ cortisol on 5 th day (aged 26 days old) after adrenalectomy, while the control groups with physiological salt solution by the same way. The reprodutive organs were observed at 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78 and 84 hours after hormone treatments. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The measurments of time average ovary weight in all treated groups were increased with the elapse of time after treatment, and the difference among the treatments was significant (p<0.01) in the all observation time. But the difference of those was not recognized in Int.-Cont. and Adx.-Cont. groups. In the multiple range test. ovary weight of adrenalectomized rat groups (Adx.-PMS and Adx.-PMS+Corti. groups) was significantly (p<0.05) lighter than those of intact rat groups (Int.-PMS and Int.-PMS+Corti. groups), and the effect of cortisol administration was not reconized. 2. The difference of uterus weight was significantly reconized (p<0.01) in all observation time. The weight in Int.-PMS and Int.-PMS+Corti. groups was heavier until 66 hours after treatment, but the values in the adrenalectomized Adx.-PMS and Adx.-PMS+Corti. groups were heavier after 72 hours. The multiple range test showed that the significant difference was not found between Int.-PMS and Int.-PMS+Corti. groups, and Adx.-PMS and Adx.-PMS+Corti. groups. 3. The adrenal weight was not significantly different among the compared groups.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2016

Responded threshold level in hearing screening depends on the noise level of test surroundings, physiological characteristics of hearing organs, excessive sound source exposures, and so on. The purpose of this study is to obtain the basic information of hearing threshold level at each frequencies in children with passed hearing screening. Subjects were 110 children, aged were from 3.3 to 16.3 ($9.01{\pm}2.52$), who were at private speech language pathological clinics and daycare centers. Methods of Hearing screening were tympanometry, acoustic reflex threshold, automated otoacoustic emission, and pure tone screening. The subjects were in normal criteria of hearing screening. The differences of hearing threshold among ages and frequencies were measured by means of repeated measures ANOVA. The mean of hearing thresholds level was observed $16{\pm}6.49$, $11.5{\pm}4.79$, $6.86{\pm}4.99$, $5.95{\pm}6.65$ dB HL in the right ear and $15.68{\pm}6.01$, $9.95{\pm}5.24$, $5.72{\pm}5.21$, $5.63{\pm}7.04$ dB HL in the left ear, in frequency of 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 Hz respectively. There was a significant difference between 500 and 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 Hz (p=.000), between 1,000 and 2,000, 4,000 Hz (p=.000).