• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2009

This study investigated the determination of speech rates, words per minute (WPM) and syllables per minute (SPM), of $5{\sim}7$ year-old normal children to understand if there are any differences in the rates according to the children's age and sex. All participants were required to conduct story retelling tasks (SRT) and picture description tasks (PDT). In SRT, there was a significant difference between the groups of 5 year-old and 7 year-old children on WPM. However, there was no significant difference between the groups of ages regarding SPM. In addition, there was no significant difference between the groups according to sex on WPM and SPM. In PDT, there was no significant difference between the groups according to their ages and sex on WPM and SPM. The current research found that the speech rates of the preschool children might be somewhat different in their utterance abilities according to their age, but there was no obvious difference according to their sex. The findings can advance development of a clinical tool to screen children with fluency disorders and to determine the steps in establishing speech rates of children in the language development period.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1027-1035
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to Sex Role Stereotype of 20's$\sim$30's mens. The investigators surveyed 260 men who aged twenties and thirties in pusan. For data analysis, we used Chi-Square Test, Factor Analysis, Reliability Analysis, T-test and ANOVA along with SPSS 12.0 package. The results of this study were as followings: First, the result of sex role stereotype according to vital statistics was different with age, scholarship, job, and employer. Androginy type and Undiffer type highly showed most variable. That showed the change of Sex Role Stereotype. Second, the result of the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to Sex Role Stereotype was identified as 'pursuit of fashion,' 'pursuit of sense,' 'feminity,' 'secession of sex role.' Third, the result of the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to the vital statistics was different with scholarship, job, and employer. Forth, the factor of feminization in men's fashion according to sex role stereotype was different with 'pursuit of fashion,' 'pursuit of sense,' 'secession of sex role.' Especially, 'pursuit of fashion' and 'pursuit of sense' was importantly understood with the factor of feminization in men's fashion in Androginy type.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was to investigate sexual behavior, pregnancy and contraception knowledge among teenage. Method: The subjects were 627 of teenaged girls from 14 to 19 years old who lived in a capital city. Data was collected by questionnaire surveys used the convenience sampling. The instrument used for this study was contraception knowledge tool. The collected data was analysed by using descriptive statics, chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test for post hoc with SPSS program. Result: The finding of Sex experience was kiss and petting experience 196(32%), sex intercourse 44(7.2%) and pregnancy 6(1%). Average of contraception knowledge was 3.8 score(total 15). Statically significant general characteristics variable related to sex experience were age, school type, smoking and alcohol use. Statically significant general characteristics variable related to contraception knowledge were age, school type, previous sex education and contraception education. Conclusion: These results of this study provided health professional informations to develop intervention programs to reduce teenage pregnancy.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2017

In this article, we review the differences of the brain morphology according to age, sex, and handedness. Age is a well-known factor affecting brain morphology. With aging, progressive reduction of brain volume is driven. Sex also has great effects on brain morphology. Although there are some reports that the differences of brain morphology may originate from the differences of weight between the 2 sexes, studies have demonstrated that there are regional differences even after the correction for weight. Handedness has long been regarded as a behavioral marker of functional asymmetry. Although there have been debates about the effect of handedness on brain morphology, previous well-established studies suggest there are differences in some regions according to handedness. Even with the studies done so far, normal brain morphology is not fully understood. Therefore, studies specific for the each ethnic group and standardized methods are needed to establish a more reliable database of healthy subjects' brain morphology.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.1 s.78
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• pp.19-31
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• 2000

Developmental changes of dental arch width and length from 6.6 to 13.6 yews of age have been studied in twenty boys and thirteen girls in Korean school children. A series of 8 dental casts obtained from each child was measured in the intercanine width, intermolar width and arch length. Afterwards, mean value and each standard deviation of each age group and each gender were obtained, and corresponding graphs were drawn. The finding of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. Maxillary intercanine widths increased until age of 13.5 in males and age of 12.5 in females. On the other hand, mandibular intercanine widths increased until age of 11.5 in males and age of 9.6 in females and after there were no changes. 2. Maxillary intermolar widths increased until age of 13.5, but annual increments reduce from age of 12.5 in both sex. Mandibular intermolar widths increased until age of 13.5 in males and age of 12.5 in females. Annual increments of maxillary intermolar width greater than those of mandibular intercanine width in both sex. 3. Maxillary dental arch lengths increased until age of 10.6 in both sex, and after decreased until age of 13.6. Mandibular dental arch lengths increased until age of 10.5 in males and age of 9.6 in females, and after decreased until a9e of 13.6. 4. Developmental changes of dental arch width and length showed individual variation.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.5 s.77
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• pp.103-122
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of their money attitudes to spending behaviors of middle, high, and college students. The total number of students selected for this study were 1,252. Factor analysis, Cronbach' ${\alpha}$, two-way ANOVA, Duncan' multiple range test, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression were used for statistical analysis. The results were summarized as followings: 1) The tendency of attitude that money is good was highest. Also, the tendency of attitude that money represents freedom and power was slightly high. On the other hand the attitudes that money represents achievement, and that money is evil were low. Especially the attitude that money represents respect was lowest. 2) Resulting from two-way ANOVA, the attitudes that money is good and represents achievement showed significant interaction effects between sex and age. The altitude that money is good showed significant differences by sex especially among middle and high school students. The altitude that money represents achievement showed significant differences by age among the male students. Three types of attitudes that money is evil, money represents respect, and money represents both freedom and power showed significant main effects in different age groups. Also the attitude that money represents freedom and power showed significant main effect by different sexes. 3) Four different types of measuring spending behaviors scored slightly low mark. 4) Resulting from two-way ANOVA, four different spending behaviors showed significant difference only by sexes and ages. Planned spalding behavior and conscious spending behavior showed significant differences in ages and sexes separately. While impulsive spending behavior by different age groups resulted in significant differences. Excessive spending behavior by sexes resulted in significant differences. 5) Regression analysis showed that planned spending behavior had the linear relationships in no, sex, self-esteem, and attitude that money is good. Conscious spending behavior had the linear relationships in ses, and attitudes that money represent achievement. respect, and freedom. Impulsive spending behavior had the linear relationships in age, self-esteem, and attitudes that money is good and that money is evil, and attitude that money represent freedom, Excessive spending behavior had the linear relationships in sex, self-esteem, and attitudes that money represent achievement, respect and freedom.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.890-900
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• 2021

Objective: To identify the association between morphological and functional characteristics of the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and bicuspid aortopathy and to identify the determinants of aortic dilatation using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and cardiac computed tomography (CCT). Materials and Methods: This study included 312 subjects (mean [SD] age, 52.7 [14.3] years; 227 males [72.8%]) who underwent TTE and CCT. The BAVs were classified by anterior-posterior (BAV-AP) or right-left (BAV-RL) orientation of the cusps and divided according to the presence (raphe+) or absence of a raphe (raphe-) based on the CCT and intraoperative findings. The dimensions of the sinus of Valsalva and the proximal ascending aorta were measured by CCT. We assessed the determinants of aortic root and proximal ascending aortic dilatation (size index > 2.1 cm/m²) by Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the 312 patients, BAV-AP was present in 188 patients (60.3%), and 185 patients (59.3%) were raphe+. Moderate-to-severe aortic stenosis (AS) was the most common hemodynamic abnormality (54.8%). The most common type of aortopathy was the combined dilated root and mid-ascending aortic phenotype (62.5%). On multivariable analysis, age and AS severity were significantly associated with aortic root dilatation (p < 0.05), and age, sex, and AS severity were significantly associated with ascending aortic dilatation (p < 0.05). However, the orientation of the cusps, presence of a raphe, and severity of aortic regurgitation were not associated with aortic root and ascending aortic dilatation. Conclusion: BAV morphological characteristics were not determinants of aortic dilatation. Age, sex, and AS severity were predictors of bicuspid aortopathy. Therefore, age, sex, and AS severity, rather than valve morphology, need to be considered when planning treatment for BAV patients.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.107-121
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the level of environmentally conscious consumer behavior and support on the environmental regulation, and (2) to identify the influencing variables and causal relationship. Data were collected from questionnares with 1050 male and female consumers who were in the age of 20∼49 and residents of 6 cities(Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, Kwangju, Taejoen, Inchon). The major findings were as follows: (1) The level of environmentally conscious behavior was relatively high and differed significantly according to sex, age, education and marital status. (2) The level of support on the environmental regulation measures, consumers' support on the company regulation measures was most strong. (4) Sex, age, marital status, environment awareness and environmentally conscious behavior had positive effects on consumers' support on the environmental regulation directly and indirectly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.667-681
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• 1996

The purposes of this study were 1) to identify the effects of age and sex on adolescent's psychological characteristics-egocentrism, self-consciousness, body cathexis and clothing behaviors and 2) to identify the effects of psychological characteristics on clothing behaviors in each of the 6 groups classified by sex and age. Egocentrism was measured by Kim's Imaginary Audience Scale, and body cathexis, by the modified record and Jourard"s Body Cathexis Scale. Buss's Self-Consciousness Scale was slightly modified to assess public and private self-consciousness, and five aspects of clothing behavior were assessed with the questionnaires from the previous studies. The questionnaire were administered to 713 middle and high school boys and girls, and college students living in Seoul. Data were analyzed by frequency, factor Analysis, two-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Four factors of egocentrism were identified : Potency, Appearance/populatity, Sympathy and Justice. Four factors of clothing behavior were Clothing exhibition/dressing for others, Clothing interest, Psychological dependence, and Clothing conformity. 2) Sex and age were found to have effects on psychological variables and clothing behaviors of adolescence. Females showed higher egocentrism, self- consciousness, clothing behaviors, but lower body cathexis than males. The mean scores of egocentrism, self-consciousness, clothing behaviors tended to increase with age. However, high school boys showed unique tendency, as they showed higher scores in those variables than the other two age groups. 3) Egocentrism (Appearance/populality factor) and public self- consciousness were the most influencial variables on adolescent's clothing behavior among psychological characteristics. Private self-consciousness was found to be an important variable in explaining Psychological dependence.ence.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate and order the levels of parental authority concepts established by Damon, and (2) to investigate the relationship between the development of parental authority concepts and the child's age and sex. The subjects of this study were 120 children from an elementary school in Seoul. There were 40 subjects (20 males and 20 females) in each of three age groups: 8-, 10-, and 12- year-olds. The subjects were interviewed individually using Damon's(1977) open-ended questions concerning family rules. Responses to the assessment questions were coded as positive or negative, and responses to the judgement concept questions were coded into 6 levels. Statistical analysis of obtained data was by percentage, Spearman correlation using an ordinal scale, two-way analysis of variance, and Duncan test. The results showed that (1) the developmental levels of parental authority concepts established by Damon conformed to an ordinal scale, and (2) the development of parental authority concepts was related to child's age but not to child's sex.