• Resources Recycling
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.52-57
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cow manure as additive material on the ripening of sewage s sludge for vermistabiJization. The changes of the waste properties by ripening for 50days were observed as a function of the v various mixture ratios of sewage sludge ‘and cow manure. The pH values of the mixture wastes decreased from 7.5-7.67 to 6_ 9~7.2 by the ripening for 50days, and the mixture ratio made dIfferent pH values. The initial value of oxidation-reduction p potential (Eh) of the mixture waste was a negative (-) value indicating an unfavorable condition for earthworm after, but the v values of Eh increased with the opening time. The Increase rate at Eh value was prop$\alpha$rtional to the mixture ratio of cow m manure. The value of alkalinity was also changed into the favorable range for earthworm after 50days except for non-use of 1 the cow manure When the mixture ratio of the cow manure increased from 10% to 30%, the growth of earthworms increased h from 63.7% to 88.3 % tor the survival rate, 265% to 321% for the liveweight increasing rate and 66.7_7% to 91% for hatching f rate of the cocoons. It can be concluded that the proper content of tbe cow manure in the sewage sludge to ensure effective v vermistabilization was over 20%, when the mixture was ripened during 50 days. The quantity of ingestion and 며ectian at 20%-30% was found to be O.15--i.L18g sludge and 0 1l--O.14g solid per capacity earthworm per day, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2019

Black-colored rice contains anthocyanin, which has an antioxidant function on the seed coat. Anthocyanin content is greatly affected by the cultivation environment, especially the average temperature during the ripening stage. Generally, low temperatures during the ripening stage increase anthocyanin content. To control the average temperature during ripening stage in the field, transplanting time has to be regulated. In this study, anthocyanin content variation was examined in relation to the transplanting time and the average temperature during the ripening stage. For the study, fourteen black-colored rice cultivars with different maturity types (four of early-maturing, five of medium-maturing, and five of medium-late maturing) were selected. The transplanting times used were May 20, June 5, June 20, and June 30. The field experiment was conducted in the Miryang, Kyoungsangnamdo province, Korea from 2014 to 2017. The anthocyanin content in all cultivars was higher when the transplanting time was delayed, and the highest anthocyanin content was observed in the transplanting on June 30. Variation in anthocyanin content according to the change in transplanting time is the greatest in the early maturing cultivars. The least change was observed in medium maturing cultivars. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between temperature and anthocyanin content, but the degree of correlation was very low in the medium maturing cultivar. As a result, the optimal average temperature during the grain filling stage for increasing the anthocyanin content of black colored rice was $22{\sim}23^{\circ}C$. The rice yield increased in plants transplanted until June 20 and decreased thereafter owing to low temperature during the grain filling stage. The anthocyanin content increased with delaying the transplanting time up to June 30 but the rice yield decreased after June 20. Nevertheless, the rate of increase in anthocyanin content was higher than the rate of decrease in rice yield. As a result, the optimum transplanting time and an average temperature of grain filling stage for black-colored rice variety were June 30 and $23{\sim}24^{\circ}C$ considering both anthocyanin content and rice yield.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 1985

This experiment was carried out in order to determine the optimum harvesting time of tetraploid Italian ryegrass. Moisture content, 1000-seed weight, germination and seed shattering were investigated at six harvesting times after anthesis in 1984 at Suweon. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Seed moisture content was slowly decreased until 24 days and fastly decreased from 24 days after anthesis. The daily mean moisture loss during the ripening period was about 1.5 percentage. 2. The maximum 1000-seed weight was reached at 24 days after anthesis and 1000-seed weight of Waseking was heavier than that of Giant. 3. Shattering began at 17-20 days after anthesis and thereafter rapidly increased. 4. Germination was 50% at 10 days after anthesis and maximum germination was reached at 24 days. 5. Considering germination, 1000-seed weight and shattering, the optimum harvest time was 24 to 27 days after anthesis. At this time, moisture content was 55.0 to 43.5 percent and two to five seeds per ten spikes were shed by shaking at the vertical point.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 1994

The reports on the chemical composition of developing job's tears seeds is very insufficient by this time. The purpose of this study was to obtain the fundamental information on chemical component of the developing job's tears seed, including starch, sugar, oil, protein, fatty acid, Alkali Digestibility Value(ADV), 100-grain weight. Two job's tears varieties in different by maturity types were analyzed for those components from 10 days after heading to maturity, with 5-day intervals. Total sugar content in seeds followed a pattern of linear increase after heading, but it started to decreased around 15 days after heading. On the other hand, starch content continued to increased until maturity and the highest increasing occurred between 15 and 20 days after heading. The protein content of seeds was decreased, while oil content was increased through the ripening process. Starch content showed a positive correlation with 100-grain weight, ADV, oil and germination percent, but it had negative correlation between total sugar and protein contents in ripening process. Maximum starch content, 100 grain weight, and germination percent obtained by quadratic equation were attained 38 to 43 days after heading. So that the physiological maturity of job's tears seeds was considered to be 40 days after heading.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.221-226
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• 2000

This experiment was designed to assess changes in yield difference between waxy (IWR) and non-waxy (INWR) near isogenic rice by evaluating the translocation and accumulation of assimilates in different parts of the rice plants after heading stage under different fertilizer application. Nitrogen content of culm in both IWR and INWR decreased rapidly from 35 days before heading to flowering time and after then it was maintained constantly, while the nitrogen content of leaf blade was continually reduced. Sugar content of leaf blade in IWR decreased steadly by 10 days after heading, but that in INWR increased 20 days after heading. There was no difference in starch content of culum between IWR and INWR from 35days before heading to heading, but that of culm of IWR increased again after heading. Dry weight of IWR plant was less reduced during ripening as compared with INWR. The dry weight of culm was not significantly different between two isogenic lines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 1979

Amylose content and alkali digestibility value of rice grain were tested from 10days after flowering up to maturity. Both amylooe content and alkali digestibility value showed slightly lower at earliest stage, but they reached maximum value by 20 days after flowering, and then they maintained the value until maturity. Both amylose content and alkali digestibility value showed negative correlations to air temperature, though they were not significant statistically except in case of amylose content and maximum temperature, which showed significant correlation in some year.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1996

This paper gives a description about the germination inhibition of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed coat. The existence of seed coat is one of the inhibitory factors which inhibit the embryo growth, particularly during the morphological after-ripening stage. The seed coat can obstruct the water absorption at the beginning of seed stratification, but it can not threaten seed germination. The inhibition of seed coat is not caused by the mechanical fetter neither. However, before splitting the seed coat, the inhibition of seed coat comes from both air-tight character and inhibitors, and after splitting the seed coat, the inhibition may come mainly from the inhibitors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 1993

Using a flue- cured tobacco variety, KF 109, effect of growth regulators(fatty alcohol and C- MH) on the change of protein, DNA, and RNA were investigated. Generally, inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed soon after become notably reduced when checked on 14 days after the treatment. Fatty alcohol treatment appeared to alleviate the inhibition of DNA synthesis caused by the C - MH treatment. It was also observed that in the tips DNA content increased slightly at the early stage after the C - MH treatment but evident reduction of it was resulted from 7th day after the treatment. RNA content in cutters and tips was increased initially but variable transcription inhibitory activities - not so obvious as was observed in DNA synthesis - according to leaf positions were shown thereafter. Ripening of leaves probably due to senescence was advanced by the treatment of the growth regulators. DNA content in root was relatively higher in plants treated with the growth regulators while it was clearly decreased in stalk, However, RNA contents in tissue of stalk and root was not different with that of foliage. Increase of protein content in foliage as well as in stalk was evident 14 days after dual treatment of fatty alcohol and C - MH.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.234-238
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• 2001

For the comparison of fermentation pattern of leek kimci with chinese cabbage kimchi, the changes of total viable cell number, Leuconostoc sp. bacteria, Lactobacillus sp. bacteria, pH and total sugar content of twotypes kimchies were investigated during fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$. In chinese cabbage kimchi at $20^{\circ}C$ fermentaion, the numbers of total viable cell, Leuconostoc sp. bacteria and Lactobacillus sp. bacteria reachedthe maximum level on 2nd day and reduced slowly. But in leek kimchi, the maximum numbers of total via-ble cells, Leuconostoc sp. bacteria and Lactobacillus sp. bacteria were obtained after 3 days fermentation,and the cell number of Lactobacillus sp. maintained at the maximum level oyer 15 days. At $10^{\circ}C$ fer-mentation, in both kimchies, the viable cell number of lactic acid bacteria more slowly increased anddecreased than at $20^{\circ}C$. The pH of chinese cabbage kimchi was 4.2 on 3rd day (optimal ripening phase) andmere decreased to 3.5 after 5 days, but in leek kimci the pH 4.2 could be reached after 10 days at $20^{\circ}C$. At $10^{\circ}C$, the optimal ripening pH 4.2 of chinese cabbage kimchi was reached after 6 days, but in leek kimchieven though after 24 days, the pH was maintained oyer 4.3. The total sugar contents of chinese cabbage him-chi and leek kimci were decreased continuously during fermentation. From these results, we know that thefermentation of leek kimchi proceed more slowly than chinese cabbage kimchi by the retardation of lacticacid bacteria growing in leek kimchi.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze ripening characteristics of the seed according to days after flowering. The seeds were harvested on land located in the Department of Herbal Crop Research in Rural Development Administration in 2019. Seed weight and germination rate were investigated according to days after flowering and the embryo:seed ratio was examined during the fruiting process. The results showed that the weight increased significantly by the days after flowering at each inflorescence and the seed began to germinate at different time. Further, given the embryo:seed ratio, we found that embryo continue to grow in the seed. Because Angelica acutiloba (Siebold & Zucc.) Kitagawa bloom in various inflorescences, the stage of embryonic development of the seeds can affect the germination of seed. Based on our results, the key seed harvest period for good seed is 50 to 70 days after flowering.