• 한국균학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.59-62
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• 1980

Investigation on modification of aflatoxin structures by Pseudomonads was attempted as a biological detoxifiying process of mycotoxins. Firstly, when any variation of aflatoxin yield of Aspergillus parasiticus in a mixed culture with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined, there was no noticible effect by growth of Pseudomonads on aflatoxin yield of Asperillus sp. Secondly, when capacity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizing aflatoxin as a carbon source for its growth was tested, there was some indication that aflatoxin might be used for growth of Pseudomonads. It was also noticed that the residual aflatoxin showed different migrating pattern compared with that of the intact aflatoxin by thin layer chromatography. Thirdly, the cell-free extract prepared from Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in a glucose minimal medium supplemented with aflatoxin and the intact aflatoxins were incubated in the presence of $Mg^{++}$. After a certain length of incubation period, the reaction mixtures were applied on TLC plates. As a result, aflatoxins in the reaction mixture migrated differently as the control did. Such results may indicate that some changes of aflatoxin properties were induced by Pseudomonads.

• Mycobiology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2007

The prevalence and population density of the mycobiota of 50 samples belonging to 10 kinds of spices (anise, black pepper, red pepper, black cumin, peppermint, cardamom, clove, cumin, ginger and marjoram) which collected from different places in Jeddah Governorate were studied. The natural occurrence of mycotoxins in those samples was also investigated. Fifteen genera and thirty-one species of fungi in addition to one species variety were isolated and identified during this study. The most common genera were Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Aflatoxins ($12{\sim}40\;{\mu}g/kg$) were detected in the extract of 5 samples of each of anise seeds and black pepper fruits; three samples of black cumin seeds and on sample only of each of peppermint and marjoram leaves out of 5 samples tested of each. Sterigmatocystin ($15{\sim}20\;{\mu}g/kg$) was detected in some samples of red pepper, cumin and marjoram. The inhibitory effects of 10 kinds of powdered spices were tested against 3 toxigenic isolates of fungi (Aspergillus flavus, A. versicolor and Penicillium citrinum). Clove proved to be antimycotic compounds. It inhibited the growth of the tested toxigenic fungi. Black pepper, peppermint, cardamom, cumin and marjoram completely inhibited aflatoxins production, while black pepper and cardamom also completely inhibited sterigmatocystin production.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.108-112
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• 2008

경기지역 시중마트와 국내 온라인상에서 유통되고 있는 견과류 및 그 가공식품 79건, 장류 29건, 곡류가공품 등 가공식품 50건에 대해 immunoaffinity column 정제방법을 이용하여 HPLC-FLD로 아플라톡신 오염실태를 조사한 결과 총 158건 중 45건(28.5%)에서 아플라톡신 오염이 확인되었고, 오염수준은 아플라톡신 $B_1$으로서 $0.02{\sim}3.13\;{\mu}g/kg$, 총 아플라톡신으로서 $0.02{\sim}3.96\;{\mu}g/kg$ 범위로 국내 기준치인 $10\;{\mu}g/kg$을 초과하는 것은 없었다. 아플라톡신이 검출된 식품은 견과류 및 그 가공식품에서 34건(43.0%) 장류에서 8건(27.6%),그 외 가공식품에서 3건(6.0%)으로 견과류 및 그 가공식품에서 검출빈도가 가장 높았다. 식품을 개봉하여 1개월, 6개월 보관 후의 아플라톡신$B_1$ 함량은 저장기간이 길어질수록 땅콩, 옥수수스낵에서는 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 된장의 경우에는 다소 감소하였다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.76-81
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• 2006

총 아플라톡신 분석을 위한 최적의 추출 및 용출조건을 확립하여 최적의 전처리 조건을 확립하였다. 추출용매는 70% methanol 용액에 NaCl을 각각 1% 첨가한 용액을 사용하였고, 정제용 컬럼인 immunoaffinity column을 이용하여 acetonitrile 3 mL를 용출용매로 사용하여 아플라톡신 혼합용액의 분리능을 좋게 하였다. 검출한계는 0.05 ng/g 수준이였고, 식품의 유형별 총 아플라톡신($B_1,\;B_2,\;G_1,\;G_2$)의 회수율은 곡류 $74.1{\sim}95.5%,\;83.7{\sim}98.8%,\;80.4{\sim}102.4%$ 및 $72.8{\sim}76.5%$, 두류 $85.8~87.5%,\;83.8{\sim}90.7%,\;92.0{\sim}94.5%$ 및 $60.6{\sim}65.6%$, 견과류 $84.6{\sim}97.1%,\;86.0{\sim}94.1%,\;95.5{\sim}111.5%$ 및 $71.0{\sim}89.9%$, 가공식품 $81.5{\sim}87.1%,\;82.8{\sim}85.8%,\;85.4{\sim}92.7%$ 및 $68.9{\sim}76.4%$, 건조과실류 $83.6{\sim}93.5%,\;78.1{\sim}90.4%,\;93.0{\sim}108.5%$ 및 $64.9{\sim}78.5%$, 기타식품 $72.5{\sim}98.3%,\;73.1{\sim}96.4%,\;83.5{\sim}107.2%$ 및 $64.2{\sim}75.8%$를 보여주었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.288-294
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• 1986

반합성 배지인 yeast extract sucrose (YES) 배지에서 인삼 saponm 및 그 관련 물질이 Aspergillus parasilicus의 AF 생성에 미치는 영향에 대해 검토하였다. 배양 시간에 따른 AF생성에 대해 검토한 결과 AF생성은 배양 9일째에 최고치을 나타내였으며 전 배양 기간을 통해 AF B1이 AFG1보다 많이 생성되었다. 배지내에 여러 농도의 인상 saponm을 첨가했을 때 모든 농도의 첨가군은 대조군보다 AF생성이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며 saponin 0.05% 첨가시 균체량과 AF 생성량이 매우 감소하였고 saponin 5.0% 첨가시 균체량은 대조군에 비해 증가하였으나 AF은 전혀 생성되지 않았다. 배지내에 saponindiol 맺 triol을 놓도별로 첨가한 경우 diol 0.05, 1.0 및 triol 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 %첨가군에서 AF생성이 감소되었다. 배치내에 saponin fraction를 첨가한 경우 fraction 1, 2, 4. 5. 6은 AF 생성을 상당히 저해하였으나 fraction 3과 7은 AF 생성을 자극하였다 0.05%의 adenosine, guanosine, caffeine 및 xanthosine을 배지에 첨가한 경우 AF생성이 저해되었으나 0.05%의 adenosine 및 cv-tosine을 첨가한 갱우에는 AF생성을 증가시켰다. 5.0%의 saponine을 배지에 첨가한 경우 AF생성은 전혀 일어 나지 않은 반면 total lipid의 합성과 균쳐1량은 대조군에 비해 매우 증가하였다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.105-110
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• 1996

Polyclonal antiserum R101 against aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$) was raised in New Zealand white rabbits after injection of bovine serum albumin-$AFB_1$ conjugate. Competitive ELISA (enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay) demonstrated that antiserum R101 has the highest binding for $AFB_1$ (50% inhibition at 170 fmol) and aflatoxicol II (50% inhibition at 112 fmol). It also reacts with other aflatoxins such as $AFB_2$, $AFG_1$, $AFG_2$, and aflatoxin metabolites ($AFM_1$, $AFM_2$, $AFP_1$, and $AFQ_1$), but it does not cross-react with $AFG_2a$. Using this antiserum, aflatoxins were quantitated in 100 urine samples of undergraduate students at the College of Pharmacy, Sung Kyun Kwan University, Republic of Korea. By ELISA, $AFB_1$ and its metabolites were detected in human urine samples (N=100, male=89, female=11, ages=20~31 yrs) with a range of 1.4~200.6 ng/kg/day (mean$\pm$SD=$18.11{\pm}33.01\;ng\;AFB_1/kg/day$ in males, $3.82{\pm}2.65\;ng/kg/day$ in females). Assuming that urinary excretion is about 7.6% of $AFB_1$ intake (Groopman et al., 1992), we estimated that Koreans were daily exposed to a total dietary $AFB_1$ of $240.20{\pm}438.67\;ng/kg/day$ in males and $50.35{\pm}29.88\;ng/kg/day$ in females, respectively. When the human monitoring data was applied to a linear regression model of Y=21.67X-10.04 {Y=liver cancer incidence per 100,000, X=Log $AFB_1$ intake (ng/kg/day), r=0.99} developed from previously reported epidemiological data, calculated liver cancer incidences attributed to $AFB_1$ exposure were 41.56/100,000 in males and 26.84/100,000 in females. The incidences were similarly correlated with liver cancer mortality rates of 43.43/100,000 in males and 11.23/100,000 in females in Korea. These results suggest that aflatoxin exposure may be an important risk factor for the high incidence of liver cancer in Korea.

• 생약학회지
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• 제38권3호통권150호
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• pp.205-216
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• 2007

South Korea is the representative consumption country of herbal medicines and most of herbal medicines circulating in Korea have been importing from the developing countries of Southeast Asia such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia and so forth. Domestic hygiene and safety are continuously proposed because herbal medicines which are circulating have the possibility could remain contaminants or residues. Physicochemical contaminants such as heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, radionucleosides, microbial toxins, biological contaminants such as microorganisms and animals, agrochemical residues such as pesticides, substances used for fumigation, antiviral agents, and solvent residues are classified as major contaminants and residues in herbal medicines from 2005 September WHO.$^{1)}$ Currently our administration have established a permission standard and the inspection criteria against the heavy metal, the residual pesticides and a residual sulfur dioxide. Furthermore our administration is continuously monitoring and conducting researches for the policies and their scientific ground against herbal medicines. But the appearances or discoveries of the harmful new species due to environmental and industrial developments are becoming social problems. Therefore it may be necessary to continuously consider and investigate regarding hereupon. Recently, the contamination of the mycotoxins against foods such as cereals, nuts and the powdered red pepper have developed and started became problematic issue, and possibility of contamination against the herbal medicine is proposed. And since populations who are using the herbal medicines very limited to several nations, recognition and researches about contamination of mycotoxins in herbal medicines are very insufficient. Therefore it will be need to more focus on the international regulation of quality control and safety for herbal medicines. Now on, we are going to introduce the importance, occurrence, characteristic properties, World-wide research trends and detoxification of aflatoxins, which is known as the most potent mutagen, carcinogen and teratogen mycotoxins.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.313-317
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• 1998

본 연구는 한국 전통 된장과 간장 및 메주등에서 주된 상재균으로 나타나는 B. subtilli가 Aspergillus parasicus의 성장과 발암물질(Aflatoxin) 생성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 수행되었다 변형 APT 배지를 사용하여 $30^{\circ}C$에서 12일 동안 B. subtilis KCCM 11316과 Aspergillu parasiticus ATCC 15517를 단독 배양(대조군) 및 혼합 배양하고 그 성장과 배양물의 변화를 경시적으로 관찰하였으며 HPLC에 의하여 aflatoxin을 분석하였다. 혼합 배양시에는 곰팡이의 건조 균체량이 배양 직후로부터 배양 말기에 이르기까지 현저하게 억제되었으며, 배양 말기에 단독 배양시보다 85.3% 감소되었다(p<0.01). Aflatoxin의 생성량도 배양 말기에 대조군에 비하여 50%이상 감소되었다(p<0.05). 이로부터 Bacillus subtilis는 메주 및 간장과 된장에 있어서 유해 곰팡이의 생육과 aflatoxin 생성을 주도적으로 억제하는 것을 알 수 있다. Aflatoxin 생성에 대한 억제 효과는 곰팡이의 성장에 대한 억제 효과보다 낮게 나타났으나 메주 중에는 다른 발효 관련 세균들이 함께 존재하는 바, 이들에 의한 억제적 영향도 기대된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2016

돼지고기 중 5종의 곰팡이독소(아플라톡신 $B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$, $G_2$ 및 오크라톡신 A)를 분석하기 위해 0.1% 개미산을 함유한 50% 아세토니트릴용액으로 추출한 후 고체상추출칼럼을 이용하여 정제하고, LC-MS/MS로 동시 정량할 수 있는 시험법을 마련하였다. 분석조건으로 측정한 5종의 곰팡이독소 matrix-matched 표준곡선식에서 모두 상관계수 0.998이상의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 5종의 곰팡이독소 2배의 정량한계에서 10배의 정량한계로 첨가한 시료에서 평균 회수율은 72.1~109.9%로 실험 결과들이 EU 가이드라인에서 제시하는 유효성 확인을 위한 기준을 만족함으로써 시험법의 신뢰성을 확보할 수 있었다. 충청지역 유통되고 있은 돼지고기 20건에 대한 총아플라톡신 및 오크라톡신A에 대한 오염도 조사결과 정량한계 미만으로 조사되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권7호
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• pp.24.1-24.7
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• 2016

Background: Clinoptilolite is a natural zeolite with high adsorption capacity for polar mycotoxins such as aflatoxins. The efficacy of clinoptilolite in ameliorating the toxic effects of aflatoxicosis has been proven in monogastric animals, but there is no such evidence for ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, whether the dietary administration of clinoptilolite in dairy cows could reduce the concentration of aflatoxin M1 ($AFM_1$) in bulk-tank milk, in farms with higher than or close to $0.05{\mu}g/kg$ of milk (European maximum allowed residual level). An objective of the present study was also to investigate the effect of particle size of clinoptilolite on aflatoxin binding. Methods: Fifteen commercial Greek dairy herds with AFM1 concentrations in bulk tank milk ${\geq}0.05{\mu}g/kg$ were selected. Bulk tank milk AFM1 was determined prior to the onset and on day 7 of the experiment. Clinoptilolite was added in the total mixed rations of all farms at the rate of 200 g per animal per day, throughout this period. Two different particle sizes of clinoptilolite were used; less than 0.15 mm in 9 farms (LC group) and less than 0.8 mm in 6 farms (HC group). Results: Clinoptilolite administration significantly reduced $AFM_1$ concentrations in milk in all farms tested at an average rate of 56.2 % (SD: 15.11). The mean milk $AFM_1$ concentration recorded on Day 7 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower compared to that of Day 0 ($0.036{\pm}0.0061$ vs. $0.078{\pm}0.0074{\mu}g/kg$). In LC group farms the reduction of milk $AFM_1$ concentration was significantly higher than HC group farms ($0.046{\pm}0.0074$ vs. $0.036{\pm}0.0061{\mu}g/kg$, P = 0.002). As indicated by the Pearson correlation, there was a significant and strong linear correlation among the milk $AFM_1$ concentrations on Days 0 and 7 (R = 0.95, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dietary administration of clinoptilolite, especially of smallest particle size, at the rate of 200 g per cow per day can effectively reduce milk $AFM_1$ concentration in dairy cattle and can be used as a preventive measure for the amelioration of the risks associated with the presence of aflatoxins in the milk of dairy cows.