• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.463-468
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• 2016

Contamination by foodborne pathogens and mycotoxins was examined in 475 eggs and 20 feed samples collected from three egg layer farms, three egg-processing units, and five retail markets in Korea. Microbial contamination with Salmonella species, Escherichia coli, and Arcobacter species was examined by bacterial culture and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The contamination levels of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and zearalenone in eggs and chicken feeds were simultaneously analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection after the post-derivatization. While E. coli was isolated from 9.1% of eggs, Salmonella species were not isolated. Arcobacter species were detected in 0.8% of eggs collected from egg layers by PCR only. While aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and zearalenone were found in 100%, 100%, and 85% of chicken feeds, their contamination levels were below the maximum acceptable levels (1.86, 2.24, and 147.53 μg/kg, respectively). However, no eggs were contaminated with aflatoxins, ochratoxins, or zearalenone. Therefore, the risk of contamination by mycotoxins and microbes in eggs and chicken feeds is considered negligible and unlikely to pose a threat to human health.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.159-166
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• 1990

The ability of many toxigenic fungi to invade and develop in a wide variety of raw ingredients of human diet renders human exposure to mycotoxing very difficult to avoid. Most of the energy-rich commodities, such as cereal grains, oil seeds, tree nuts, and dehydrated fruits, are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxins therefare have been recognized as an important class of hazardous substances in the human food chain. Although human exposure to mycotoxins is largely through ingestion, inhalation and skin contact may also be significant under conditions other than consumption of foods. Human ingestion of mycotoxins is due to consumption of contaminated dietary ingredients and the edible tissues and products of domestic animals that have been exposed to mycotoxins in moldy feed. Large scale acute human mycotoxicoses, such as ergotism in France, alimentary toxic aleukia in Russia, yellow rice syndrome in Japan, endemic nephropathy in Balkan countries, and acute aflatoxin poisonings in India and Taiwan, have been well documented, indicating that mycotoxicosis is a global problem. In some incidents, hundreds of victims were killed and many more became seriously ill. The mycotoxins that have been implicated in the etiology of these human diseases include aflatoxins, citreoviridin, cyclopiazonic acid, ergot alkaloids, moniliformin, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, tenuazonic acid, and zearalenone. Among these, aflatoxins have been also implicated in the etiology of human primary liver cancer in those high-incidence countries in Africa and southeast Asia. It is well recognized that cause-effect relationship between mycotoxins and human diseases is very difficult to establish, especially for the cancer connection. Careful risk assessment must be performed to determine whether a mycotoxin indeed warrants costly regulatory actions.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.507-513
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• 2004

Aflatoxins are produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus that grow in improperly stored cereals. Aflatoxin B1 ($AFB_1$) is a potent hepatocarcinogen in a variety of experimental animals including human beings. In spite of a high attention to the hepatocarcinogenecity of $AFB_1$, the relative toxicity of aflatoxins ($AFB_2$ and $AFG_1$) is not fully clarified. Sprague-Dawley male rats were orally administered with $AFB_1$, $AFB_2$, and $AFG_1$ at the dose of 250 ${\mu}g/kg$ (additionally including a dose of $1250{\mu}g/kg $ for $AFB_1$) body weight. Animals were then killed at 12, 24 or 48 hrs following aflatoxin exposure. Subsequently the immunohistochemical examination of p53, cytochrome p450 1A1 (CYP450 1A1), and glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P) were performed. The level of the 8-OxodG in the liver was determined. Expressions of CYP450 1A1 and p53 were high in the liver of rats through 48 hrs after treatment of $AFB_1$ at the single dose of $250{\mu}g/kg $. This pattern was more clear as increasing doses. The treatment of $AFB_2$ and $AFG_1$ did not affect the expression of CYP450 1A1 but it caused weak expression of p53. The activity of GST were not found in the liver of rats treated with aflatoxins. The formation of 8-OxodG by $AFB_1$ increased in a dose-dependent manner up to 24 hrs after a single treatment of $AFB_1$ thereafter decreased to the level of control. The treatment of $AFB_2$ and $AFG_1$ did not affect the levels of 8-OxodG in the liver of rats with increasing time. These results in the present study indicate that $AFB_1$ among aflatoxins with low comparable levels is the most toxic as determined by early biomarkers such as CYP450 1A1, p53, GST-P, and 8-OxodG.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2010

총아플라톡신의 분석을 위하여 대상 시료로부터 추출된 용액을 면역친화성칼럼 (immunoaffinity column)을 이용하여 정제하고 트리플루오로초산(TFA, trifluoroacetic acid) 유도체법과 광유도체화 형태인 PHRED (Photochemical reactor enhanced detection) 유도체 법을 비교 검토하여 분석하였다. 결과적으로 재현성 및 편리성은 PHRED유도체법이 우수하였으나 분리도 및 검출한계는 TFA유도체법이 우수하였다. 확립된 시험법은 아플라톡신 B1, B2, G1은 80% 이상, G2는 70% 이상의 회수율을 보였고, 아플라톡신 B1, B2, G1 및 G2 각각 0.05, 0.05, 0.2 및 $0.1\;{\mu}g/kg$의 검출한계를 나타내었다. 확립된 시험법으로 향신료 및 건조과실류 중 총 아플라톡선에 대한 실태 조사를 위하여 향신료 10종 179건 및 건조과실류 9종 137건 총 316건을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 건조과실류 건망고 등 9종 137건 중 27건(19.7%)에서 아플라톡신이 소량 검출되었으며, 건조향신료 육구두 등 10종 179건 중 87건 (48.6%)에서 아플라톡선이 검출되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.177-181
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• 1985

한국산 6종의 대두품종 봉의, 황금, 장백, 단엽, 장엽 및 남천을 선정하고 Aspergillus parasiticus NR-RL 2999의 접종량을 다르게 하여($10^2$과 $10^6$) aflatoxin 생성을 검토하였다. 균접종량이 적었을 때$(10^2)$ 대두품종간의 AF 생성량에 현저한 차이가 있어 남천은 봉의의 7배 정도의 AF $B_1$을 생성하였으며, 봉의와 황금이 가장 적은 량의 $AF\;B_1$ (p<0.05)을 생성하였다. 한편 장엽은 가장 많은 양의 $AF\;G_1$ (p<0.05)을 생성하였고, 남천과 장엽은 $AF\;B_1+G_1$을 가장 많이 생성하는 품종이었으며, 이들은 비교군으로 쓰인 쌀보다 70배 정도의 AF을 생성하였다. 소립(小粒) 대두인 단엽과 장백은 $AF\;B_1/G_1$율이 높은 반면 대립(大粒) 대두인 봉의 황금 및 장엽은 낮은 $AF\;B_1/G_1$율을 나타내었다. 균 접종량이 많았을 때는$(10^6)$ $10^2$ 때보다 소량의 AF이 생성되었는데 남천이 가장 적은 량의 $AF\;B_1$을 생성하였으나 황금은 가장 많은 량의 $AF\;B_1$을 생성하였다(p<0.05). $AF\;G_1$에 있어서는 황금을 제외하고는 생성량에 있어 품종간의 차이가 없었고 이 경우 AF 생성은 비교군 쌀에서 보다 적은 량이 생성되었다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.758-767
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• 2015

기후변화에 따라 오염도가 높아질 것으로 예상되는 곰팡이독소 중 아플라톡신을 김치에 오염시켜 발효 및 저장 중 이화학적 및 미생물학적 품질변화를 분석하고, 김치 제조 시 젖산균의 첨가가 아플라톡신의 함량 변화에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 김치의 pH는 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 급격하게 감소한 반면 산도는 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 염도는 저장기간 동안 2.30~2.40%의 수준을 유지하였다. 젖산균을 첨가한 김치의 일반세균수 및 젖산균수는 다른 시료에 비해 젖산균을 접종한 시료에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 김치의 저장 중 효모 및 곰팡이 수는 약 1~3 log CFU/g 수준이 검출되었다. 대장균군은 대조구에서 저장 4주차까지 검출된 반면 다른 시료에서는 저장 2주 후 모두 불검출되었다. 아플라톡신이 오염된 김치에서 저장기간에 따라 아플라톡신이 감소하는 경향성은 확인되지 않았으나 저장 8주 동안 아플라톡신 오염수준의 평균 감소율은 AFs 오염구에서 7.1%, AFs+LP에서 21.5%, AFs+LM에서 24.1%로 나타나 젖산균을 첨가한 시료에서 감소율이 더 크게 나타났다. 아플라톡신 첨가에 따른 김치의 이화학적 및 미생물학적 품질 변화는 일반 김치와 비교 시 뚜렷한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 젖산균을 첨가한 김치의 경우 저장 중 일반세균 수 및 젖산균수가 높게 검출되고, 아플라톡신의 감소효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구결과 김치에 Lactobacillus속이나 Leuconostoc속과 같은 젖산균 첨가 시 젖산균 증진 효과 및 아플라톡신에 노출 위험도를 감소시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2001년도 춘계 학술대회
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• pp.110-111
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• 2001

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1686-1689
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• 2003

The ability of ten probiotic bacteria to bind a common food carcinogen aflatoxin $G_1$,$G_2$ and $B_2$ was assessed. The strains were incubated in vitro with aflatoxins and the toxin residues in the supernatant were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. The aflatoxin $G_1$ binding capacity of the strains was found to strain dependent, most efficient binding of AF$G_1$ was observed by L. acidophilus CU028 and L. brevis CU06 which bound approximately 50%. L. acidophilus CU028 was capable of bind approximately 67% of AF$G_2$, difference in their binding ability showed statistical significance (p>0.05). L. acidophilus CU028 and L. helveticus CU 631 were the best binders and the strains were observed to possess variable AF$B_2$-binding ability in the range was from 38.0% to 55.9%. Lactobacillus acidophilus CU028 was the best common binders of the three types of food carcinogen aflatoxins. The application of binding phenomenon in the removal of mycotoxins from contaminated feeds is urgently needed to improve the safety of feeds.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2009

Korea is representative of a country that consumes herbal medicines; most of the herbal medicines circulating in South Korea have been imported from developing countries in Southeast Asia, such as China and Indonesia. Recently, domestic hygiene and safety are issues that have come to the forefront, because herbal medicines currently in circulation could possibly contain contaminants or residues. Furthermore, the appearance or discovery of harmful new species due to environmental and industrial developments is becoming a social problem. Therefore, it may be necessary to consider and investigate these matters on a continual basis. Recently, mycotoxin contaminations in such foods as cereals, nuts, and powdered red pepper have been reported. They have become a problematic issue; the possibility of contamination in herbal medicines has also been considered. Nevertheless, recognition of and research into mycotoxin contamination in herbal medicines has been scarce because herbal medicine is used in only a few nations. In this research, we identified contamination by aflatoxin which is known to be the most potent mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic mycotoxin in Thujae Semen, a herbal medicine. We also found co-contaminations involving other mycotoxins, including ochratoxin A and zeraleanone.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2002년도 춘계 국제 학술대회
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• pp.55-56
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• 2002

Aflatoxin is a secondary fungal metabolite and is a public health hazard because it is a human carcinogenic and has many deleterious effects in men and animals. Rice is one of the better substrates for the fungus which can produce aflatoxins. This study was performed to investigate aflatoxin reduction during the cooking and processing of rice. Aflatoxin was produced by Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517 on well-milled rice(Japonica type) at the level of 13.2 ppb. Cooked rice, rice cakes (baek-sol-gi, plain steamed rice bread), fermented rice (sik-hye, sweet rice beverage), and popped rice were prepared from the aflatoxin-contaminated rice. Aflatoxin content in the samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The total aflatoxin level was decreased to 46.9％ in the cooked rice, 85.6％ in the rice cakes, 11.4％ in the fermented rice, and 7.6％ in the popped rice, respectively (p＜0.05). This reduction brought the level of aflatoxins down to below the Standard and Specification of Korea (10 ppb), except for the rice cakes. These results indicate that washing, steaming, fermentation, and popping of rice was helpful in reducing the aflatoxin level in the rice and the most helpful factors were high temperature & high pressure. More research is needed to understand why the preparation of rice cakes did not reduce the level of aflatoxin as much as the other cooking methods.