• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2002

Through a modification of allicin structure a disagreeable odor and chemical instability of allicin can be improved. 3-Alkoxy-6-allylthiopyridazine derivatives exhibit a superior effect for prevention and treatment of hepatic diseases induced by carbon tetrachloride and aflatoxin B1 and for prevention of human tissues from radiation. These compounds inhibit also efficiently SK-Hep-1 cell proliferation through induction of apoptosis. So another 4,5-mono- or di-substituted 3-alkyloxy-6-allylthiopyridazine derivatives were synthesized on purpose to find out SAR of allylthiopyridazine in hepatoprotective and hepatotherapeutic acitivitis and to develop more effective drug candidate.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 1996

A comparison was made of two detection methods(UV absorbence detection and fluorescence detection with pre-column derivatization, with trifluoroacetic acid) coupled with HPLC for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxin $B_1, B_2, G_1$ and $G_2$. A good separation of the four aflatoxins was achieved on a reversed-phase $C_{18}$ column (30 cm x 3.9 mm) with methanol-acetonitrile-water(20+20+60) for absorbence detection or acetonitrile-water(25+75) for fluorescence detection at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The calibration graphs were linear over the ranges 100 ppb-1 ppm for $B_1/G_1$ and 30~300 ppb for $B_2/G_1$ with absorbence detection, and 1~500 ppb for $B_1/G_1$ and 0.3~150 ppb for $B_2/G_2$ with fluorescence detection. The correlation coefficients were greater than 0.94 and 0.99 for absorbance detection and for fluorescence detection, respectively. The detection limit was 100 ng for $B_1/G_1$ and 30 ng for $B_2/G_2$ with absorbence detection, and 1 ng for $B_1/G_1$ and 0.3 ng for $B_2/G_2$ with fluorescence detection. Recovery rates of aflatoxin $B_1, B_2, G_1$ and $G_2$ added to yeast-extract sucrose broth medium were 66.6%, 59.4%, 67.5% and 59.2%, respectively, for absorbence detection and 82.9%, 71.5%, 80.0% and 69.3%, respectively, for fluorescence detection. The four aflatoxins in culture medium were quantitatively detected by the two methods. The aflatoxins in the rice sample were not detected the absorbence detection method, but were below 10 ppb using the fluorescence detection method. Analysis of aflatoxins by both the absorbence and fluorescence methods coupled with HPLC showed acceptable linearity and good recovery. The absorbence detection was less timeconsuming and safer for treatment. The fluorescence detection was more elective and sensitive though elevated $B_1$ and $G_1$ contents were determined from the TFA-induced conversion of $B_1$ to $B_{2a}$ and $G_1$ to $G_{2a}$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 1995

Daily exposure of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was estimated in foods (rice, barley, soybean, peanut, soysauce, soybean paste) by ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) using polyclonal antibody R101. Before ELISA, a simple extraction method was applied for the quantitation of AFB1 in foods using chloroform which showed high recovery (70$\pm$12%). AFB1 levels in foods were 0.32 ng/ml (rice), 0.24ng/ml (barley), 0.22 ng/ml (peanut), 0.30~0.78 ng/ml (soysauce), and 0.2 ng/ml (soybean paste). Based on food consumption, we estimated that Koreans were exposed to AFB1 at the level of 1.86$\pm$0.46 ng/kg/day and liver cancer incidence attributed to AFB1 exposure (assuming that AFB1 as a single hepatocarcinogenic agent) might be calculated to be 13.1 per 100, 000 population. Our data demonstrate that AFB1 levels in foods were below the regulation of 10 ppb in foods and might not be the major risk factor for the high incidence of lover cancer in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 1990

Antimutagenic effect of doenjag (Korean fermented soy paste) on mutagenesis induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 was studied. AFB1 revealed maximum mutagenicity at dose level of 1 $\mu$g/plate with metabolic activation system in both strains. Strong antiutagenic activity toward AFB1 was completely inhibited at the level of 50% of the doenjang extract. At the same concentration 64-66% and 39-53% of the AFB1 induced mutageneses were blocked when the methanol extracts of raw and cooked soybeans were added in the system respectively Raw soybeans showed higher ihhibition rate to the mutagenicity than cooked soybeans but the fermented soybeans(doenjang) was the most effective (p<0.05) Other soybean fermented foods such as commercial doenjang natto and miso were also exhibited some antimutagenic activities however the traditional doenjang was the most effective and then commercial doenjang. Natto and miso were less effective.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2016

In this study, the treatment of pistachio nuts by Bacillus subtilis UTBSP1, a promising isolate to degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), caused to reduce the growth of Aspergillus flavus R5 and AFB1 content on pistachio nuts. Fluorescence probes revealed that the cell free supernatant fluid from UTBSP1 affects spore viability considerably. Using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method, 10 fractions were separated and collected from methanol extract of cell free supernatant fluid. Two fractions showed inhibition zones against A. flavus. Mass spectrometric analysis of the both antifungal fractions revealed a high similarity between these anti-A. flavus compounds and cyclic-lipopeptides of surfactin, and fengycin families. Coproduction of surfactin and fengycin acted in a synergistic manner and consequently caused a strong antifungal activity against A. flavus R5. There was a positive significant correlation between the reduction of A. flavus growth and the reduction of AFB1 contamination on pistachio nut by UTBSP1. The results indicated that fengycin and surfactin-producing B. subtilis UTBSP1 can potentially reduce A. flavus growth and AFB1 content in pistachio nut.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.5167-5170
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• 2012

Chilean red chili peppers contaminated with aflatoxins were reported in a previous study. If the development of gallbladder cancer (GBC) in Chile is associated with a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers, such peppers from other countries having a high GBC incidence rate may also be contaminated with aflatoxins. We aimed to determine whether this might be the case for red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru. A total of 7 samples (3 from Bolivia, 4 from Peru) and 3 controls (2 from China, 1 from Japan) were evaluated. Aflatoxins were extracted with acetonitrile:water (9:1, v/v) and eluted through an immuno-affinity column. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and then the detected aflatoxins were identified using HPLC-mass spectrometry. In some but not all of the samples from Bolivia and Peru, aflatoxin B1 or aflatoxins B1 and B2 were detected. In particular, aflatoxin B1 or total aflatoxin concentrations in a Bolivian samples were above the maximum levels for aflatoxins in spices proposed by the European Commission. Red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru consumed by populations having high GBC incidence rates would appear to be contaminated with aflatoxins. These data suggest the possibility that a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers is related to the development of GBC, and the association between the two should be confirmed by a case-control study.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.154-160
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and contamination levels of aflatoxin in Medicinal Herbs for Food and Medicine at Yakyeang market in seoul. 191 Samples 11 items medicinal herbs for food and medicine were evaluated for the aflatoxin contamination. in result 41 samples 10 items (21.5%) were detected in the alfatoxin, a high incidence of aflatoxins items are cassiae semen (50.0%), testudinis plastrum (43.8%) and Batryticatus Bombyx (40.0%), Polygalae Radix (31.2%), Zizyphi Semen (23.5%), Dolichoris Semen, Myristicae Semen (20.0%), Nelumbinis Semen (15.8%), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (7.4%), Hoveniae Semen Cum Fructus (4.3%). AFB1 were detected 27 cases (14.1%), AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were detected 18cases (9.4%), 16cases (8.4%) and 5cases (2.6%). The excess cancer risk estimated using the cancer potency of aflatoxin B1 (7(mg/kg/day)-1 for HBsAg-and 230(mg/kg/day)-1 HBsAg+) was N.D ~ $3.79{\times}10^{-6}$ for hepatits B surface antigen negative (HBsAg-) and N.D ~ $9.68{\times}10^{-5}$ hepatits B surface antigen positive (HBsAg+) respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 1991

The mutagenic, comutagenic and antimutagenic effects of red pepper powder were studied by using Ames mutagenicity test. extracts(3 fractions) of the red pepper powder did not show any mutagenicity with or without S9 mix in Salmonella typhimurium strains of TA100 and TA98. These extracts did not show any comutagenicity on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG). Capsaicin also did not exhibit any mutagenicity in the absence or presence of S9 mix prepared from rat or hamster livers. However, the red pepper powder showed antimutagenicity aganist aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ mediatdd mutagenicity. Especially first fraction of the pepper powder inhibited strongly the mutagenicity of $AFB_1$. There was no difference of these activities between hotter tasted pepper powder and plain hot tasted pepper powder.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 1984

In order to survey the distribution of molds in Korean Ginseng and its products, molds were isolated from their sample to obtain 22 strains. Among them, 3 strains were found to produce aflatoxin and identified as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus paraciticus and Penicillium puberulum. The type of aflatoxin produce was identified as $B_1$, $B_2$ and $G_1$.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.487-495
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• 1998

The mycotoxins, $Aflatoxin\;B_1(B)$ and Ochratoxin A(A), were measured from the various mejus manufactured under the artificial or natural conditions by the indirect competitive ELISA; The various fungi isolated from the Korean traditional home (KTH) made meju collected were observed to produce each mycotoxin mentioned above in the toxin producing broth, but only few in the sterilized cereals of soybean under the artificial conditions. Thus, the isolated fungi were not found to produce both A and B toxins in the artificial conditions. Particularly, the any mycotoxin was not determined at the range of 0.01 to 100 ng per gm of the mejus made under the conditions of KTH widely collected in Korea. The mycotoxins produced by the meju-fermenting fungi were seemed or speculated to be degraded in KTH's mejus under the natural conditions. The species of Mucor involved in the initial stage of fermentation were discussed to be important in the fermentations of KTH mejus.