• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.307-312
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• 1995

기관지 폐색은 임상적으로 진단이 어려운 경우가 있는데 특히 대엽 이하나 소엽 기관지에 폐색이 일어날 경우엔 그 변화가 미미하기 때문에 더욱 그러하다. 저자들은 여러가지 원인에 의해 기관지 폐색과 협착을 일으킨 8예에서 연무흡입 폐환기스캔을 시행하여 폐환기스캔 소견을 분석하였고 진단적 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 8예중 7예는 기관지 폐색이었고 1예는 기관지 협착이었다. 연무흡입 폐환기스캔은 $^{99m}Tc$-phytate를 BARC nebulizer를 이용하여 시행하였다. 스캔 소견을 단순 흉부X선, 기관지조영술, CT, 그리고 기관지경 소견과 비교하였다. 전예에서 특징적으로 기관지 폐색 또는 협착 근위부에 짧고 약간 확장된 기관지 분절에 강한 연무침착 소견을 보였다. 또한 원위부에서는 폐실질의 환기결손 소견을 보였다. 이러한 소견은 기관지 폐색과 협착의 감수적이고 특이한 소견이며, 연두흡입 폐환기스캔은 특히 폐색부가 대엽 이하나 소엽 기관지일 경우에 더욱 유용할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.288-290
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• 2001

A 61 year-old woman underwent perfusion and inhalation lung scan for the evaluation of pulmonary thromboembolism. Tc-99m MAA perfusion lung scan showed multiple round hot spots in both lung fields. Tc-99m DTPA aerosol inhalation lung scan and chest radiography taken at the same time showed normal findings (Fig. 1, 2). A repeated perfusion lung scan taken 24 hours later demonstrated no abnormalities (Fig. 3). Hot spots on perfusion lung scan can be caused by microsphere clumping due to faulty injection technique or by radioactive embolization from upper extremity thrombophlebitis after injection. Focal hot spots can signify zones of atelectasis, where the hot spots probably represent a failure of hypoxic vasoconstriction. Artifactual hot spots due to microsphere clumping usually appear to be round and in peripheral location, and the lesions due to a loss of hypoxic vasoconstriction usually appear to be hot uptakes having linear $borders^{1-3)}$. Although these artifactual hot spots have been well-known, we rarely encounter them. This report presents a case with artifactual hot spots due to microsphere clumping on Tc-99m MAA perfusion lung scan.

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한핵의학회 1985년도 제24차 춘계학술대회
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• pp.172.2-173
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• 1985

• 대한핵의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한핵의학회 1986년도 제25차 춘계학술대회
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• pp.129.1-129.1
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• 1986

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.192-199
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• 1994

미만성 세기관지염은 기도와 폐실질부의 이행부(transitional zone)의 세기관지에 만성적이고 비특이적인 염증을 일으키는 질환으로 비교적 근래에 알려진 질환이다. 임상적으로 미만성 세기관지염은 만성 폐색성 폐질환과 유사하나, 이의 임상적 경과와 치료방법이 전혀 다르기 때문에 두 질환의 감별은 매우 중요하다. 저자들은 미만성 세기관지염에서 연무흡입 폐환기스캔소견과 이의 진단적유용성을 전향적으로 알아보고자 하였다. 총 4예의 미만성 세기관지염 환자를 대상으로 하였으며 이의 진단은 Homma등의 임상적 진단기준과 폐기능검사, 단순흉부사진, 고해상 CT와 임상추적검사로 확진하였으며 이중 1예는 조직생검을 시행하였다. 스캔상 연무침착의 기관지-폐분포는 비정상적 과도침착이 분포하는 부위별로 중심부(central), 중간부(intermediary), 이행부(transitional)의 기도와 말단 폐실질부(peripheral air-space)로 나누었다. 그 결과, 특징적으로 이행부와 중간부 기도에 비정상적 연무침착을 보였고 말단부 폐실질의 환기결손소견을 보였다. 이런 침착 경향은 만성 폐색성 폐질환에서 보이는 중심부기도의 연무침착양상과는 명백한 대조를 이루었다. 결론적으로 연무흡입 폐환기스캔은 미만성 세기관지염의 진단에 있어서 간편하고, 비침습적이며, 유용한 방법으로 사료된다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.237-243
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• 1990

Pulmonary embolism demands rapid and accurate diagnosis. And ventilation imaging has greatly improved the diagnostic accuracy of pulmonary embolism in addition to perfusion imaging. Agents currently used include xenon-133, krypton-81m and technetium-99m radioaerosols. However radioactive gases are compromised by availability and cost for krypton-81m, radiation dose, gamma energy and non?physiologic behaviour for xenon-133. Radioaerosols of technetium-99m componds are rapidly cleared from the lung after inhalation, and their relative low effeciency (specific radioactivity) and wide distribution of particle sizes make them also suboptimum. A new ventilation agent, Technegas is a suspension of structured graphite ellipsoids with diameter below 20nm, labelled with $^{99m}Tc$ in a carrier gas of Argon. This report describes the authors' clinical experience with Technegas. This is the first reported clinical study of this agent in Korea. A comparison of Technegas and $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ aerosol was performed in 12 patients with various pulmonary diseases such as COPD, pulmonary tuberculosis and pleural effusion. All patients were studied with $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ aerosol inhalation and Technegas ventilation. In both studies image quality was assessed (1) semiquantitatively by scoring bronchial and gastric activity, (2) subjectively by direct visual comparison of peripheral lung images and (3) quantitatively by computing the peripheral penetration index(PI) for each lungs. The bronchial activites were seen in 7 out of 12 cases with $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ aerosol and in 5/12 with Technegas. The gastric activities were seen in 5/12 and 1/12 cases respectively. The average values of PI were 61.26% with $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ aerosol and 69.20% with Technegas (p>0.05). Using $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$ aerosol, COPD patients showed deposition in the central airways with poor visualization of the peripheral areas of the lungs. In Technegas studies these phenomena were less prominent, and the examination is well tolerated by pateients and requires only a minimum of patient cooperation. With superiority of easy availability and handling, better physical characteristics and favorable Image quality, Technegas is a Promising agent for lung ventilation scanning.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
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• pp.458-461
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• 2005

Surface Solar Insolation is important for vegetation productivity, hydrology, crop growth, etc. However, ground base measurement stations installed pyranometer are often sparsely distributed, especially over oceans. In this study, Surface Solar Insolation is estimated using the visible and infrared spin scan radiometer(VISSR) data on board Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS)-S covering from March 2001 to December 2001 in clear and cloudy conditions. To retrieve atmospheric factor, such as, optical depth, the amount of ozone, H20, and aerosol, SMAC (Simplified Method for Atmospheric Correction) code, is adopted. The hourly Surface Solar Insolation is estimated with a spatial resolution of $5km\;\times\;5km$ grid. The daily Surface Solar Insolation is derived from the available hourly Surface solar irradiance, independently for every pixel. The pyranometer by the Korea Meteorological Agency (KMA) is used to validate the estimated Surface Solar Insolation with a spatial resolution of $3\;\times\;3Pixels.$

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.229-236
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• 1990

Perfusion and ventilaion imagings of the lung are well established procedure for diagnosing pulmonary embolism, differentiation it from chronic obstructive lung disease, and making an early detection of chronic obstructive lung disease. To evaluate the usefulness of radioaerosol inhalation imaging (RII) in chronic obstructive lung disease, especially pulmonary emphysema, we analyzed RIIs of five normal adult non-smokers, five asymptomatic smokers (age 25-42 years with the mean 36), and 21 patients with pulmonry emphysema (age 59-78 years with the mean 67). Scintigrams were obtained with radioaerosol produced by a BARC nebulizer with 15 mCi of Tc-99m-phytate. Scanning was performed in the anterior, posterior, and lateral projections after five to 10-minute inhalation of the radioaerosol on sitting position. The scans were analyzed and correlated with the results of pulmonary function studies and chest radiographs. Also lung perfusion scan with $^{99m}Tc-MAA$ was performed in 12 patients. In five patients, we performed follow-up scans for the evaluation of the effects of a bronchodilator. Based on the X-ray findings and clinical symptoms, pulmonary emphysema was classified into four types: centrilobular (3 patients), panlobular (4 patients), intermediate (10 patients), and combined (4 patients). RII findings were patternized according to the type, extent, and intensity of the aerosol deposition in the central bronchial and bronchopulmonary system and lung parenchyma. 10 controls, normal five non-smokers and three asymptomatic smokers revealed homogeneous parenchymal deposition in the entire lung fields without central bronchial deposition. The remaining two of asymptomatic smokers revealed mild central airway deposition. The great majority of the patients showed either central (9/21) or combined type (10/21) of bronchopulmonary deposition and the remaining two patients peripheral bronchopulmonary deposition. Parenchymal aerosol deposition in pulmonary emphysema was diffuse (6/21), discrete(6/21), intermediate (3/21), or combined (6/21). In 12 patients studied also with perfusion scans, perfusion defects matched closely with ventilation defects in location and configuration. But the size of the ventilation defects was generally larger than the perfusion defects. In all four patients treated with bronchodilators, the follow-up study demonstrated decrease in abnormal of radioaerosol deposition in the central airway with improvement of ventilation defects. RII was useful technique for the evaluation of regional ventilatory abnormality and the effects of treatment with bronchodilators in pulmonary emphysema.

• 대한기계학회논문집 C: 기술과 교육
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2014

상기도 내의 약물 전달을 알아보기 위하여 구강 호흡 시 공기유동에 대한 수치해석을 수행하였다. 상기도는 구강과 후두, 기관과 기관지로 구성되어 있다. 정밀 촬영한 CT 데이터로부터 의료영상 소프트웨어(Mimics)를 이용한 구분(segmentation)과 세심한 표면처리를 통하여 해부학적으로 정확한 모델을 만들 수 있었다. 이 3차원 컴퓨터 모델을 이용하여, 구강에서 기관지의 2번째 분지까지 이르는 유로의 수치 모델을 제작하였다. 수치해석은 상용 소프트웨어인 ANSYS/Fluent를 이용하여 계산하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 모델은 노즐이 부착되지 않은 상태에서 초당 250 mL를 흡입하는 정상 구강호흡 모델과 입구에 각각 20 mL/s, 40 mL/s, 60 mL/s의 유량을 갖는 노즐을 장착한 모델을 사용하였다. 전산 유동가시화 결과로부터, 노즐의 유량을 증가시킬수록 선회류의 발생 정도가 증가하여 구강 내 약물의 잔류 량은 증가하지만, 기관/기관지에 약물 도표는 균일하게 나타났다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume I
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• pp.7-10
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• 2006

Four programs, i.e. TRMM, ADEOS2, ASTER, and ALOS are going on in Japanese Earth Observation programs. TRMM and ASTER are operating well, and TRMM operation will be continued to 2009. ADEOS2 was failed, but AMSR-E on Aqua is operating. ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) was successfully launched on $24^{th}$ Jan. 2006. ALOS carries three instruments, i.e., PRISM (Panchromatic Remote Sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping), AVNIR-2 (Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer), and PALSAR (Phased Array L band Synthetic Aperture Radar). PRISM is a 3 line panchromatic push broom scanner with 2.5m IFOV. AVNIR-2 is a 4 channel multi spectral scanner with 10m IFOV. PALSAR is a full polarimetric active phased array SAR. PALSAR has many observation modes including full polarimetric mode and scan SAR mode. After the unfortunate accident of ADEOS2, JAXA still have plans of Earth observation programs. Next generation satellites will be launched in 2008-2012 timeframe. They are GOSAT (Greenhouse Gas Observation Satellite), GCOM-W and GCOM-C (ADEOS-2 follow on), and GPM (Global Precipitation Mission) core satellite. GOSAT will carry 2 instruments, i.e. a green house gas sensor and a cloud/aerosol imager. The main sensor is a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) and covers 0.76 to 15 ${\mu}m$ region with 0.2 to 0.5 $cm^{-1}$ resolution. GPM is a joint project with NASA and will carry two instruments. JAXA will develop DPR (Dual frequency Precipitation Radar) which is a follow on of PR on TRMM. Another project is EarthCare. It is a joint project with ESA and JAXA is going to provide CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar). Discussions on future Earth Observation programs have been started including discussions on ALOS F/O.