• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.25-33
• /
• 2006

Objectives of this experiment were to select of the optimum water plant and to investigate the removal efficiency of the major nutrients in the constructed wetland by natural purification method for municipal sewage treatment in the farming and fishing village. For the experiment we used "constructed wetland" which was consisted of aerobic (vertical filter system) and anaerobic systems (horizontal filter system). Both systems were filled with gravel and filter media, and grew water plants on top of them. And then, we investigated several items such as sewage treatment efficiency, growth status of water plants and the absorbed amount of inorganic element in water plants with periodical periods. In aerobic area, removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, T-N and T-P were over 92%, 74%, 25% and 57%, respectively, and then when the water is passed through anaerobic area, the efficiency was over 96%, 84%, 44% and 71%, respectively, which was increased more treatment efficiency than that of aerobic area. Absorption amount of nitrogen and phosphorous in Miscanthus sacchariflorus BENTH were the highest in the water plants as 17.7 and 2.41 g/plant in the aerobic area, respectively. Absorption amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous in Scirpus tabernaemontani GMEL were the highest in the water plants as 8.7 and 1.13 g/plant in the anaerobic area, respectively. For the selection of optimum water plants in the constructed wetland by natural purification method for municipal sewage treatment, it were observed that there were Miscanthus sacchariflorus BENTH, Phragmites japonica STEUD and Phragmites communis TRINIUS in the aerobic area and were Zizania latifolia TURCZ, Scirpus tabernaemontani GMEL, Typha orientalis PRESL, Iris pseudoacorus L and Cares dispalata BOOTT in the anaerobic area.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.669-678
• /
• 2014

The amount of waste water generated from the domestic sources is consistently increasing in proportion to economic growth, and the conventional activated sludge process is widely being used for general waste water treatment. But the ministry of environment becomes stringthent treatment standards of N and P (less than 20mg/L of N, 2mg/L of P) to prevent the eutrophication of lake water, and therefore highly advanced treatment technology is required not only in the existing treatment plants where the activated sludge process is being used, but also in newly constructed treatment plants for the treatment of N and P. This study is aimed at highly operating the engineering technology method was developed by domestic to eliminate N and P at the same time. Experiments were conducted in the treatment plant located in Yong In city. The bioreactor was started from the principal equipment for the elimination of N and P and the elimination of organic compounds. It consists of an internal recycle piping from the end of the aerobic tank to the anoxic tank and external recycle piping from the final settling basin to the denitrification tank. By experiment of 4 types separate inflow of waste water to the denitrification tank and the anaerobic tank, and changes in staying time at the anoxic tank and the aerobic tank, the elimination of organic compounds in each type and the relationship in the efficiency between the elimination of N and P were researched.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.611-617
• /
• 2011

This study investigated the germination and reduction of microbial population in domestic (radish, Chinese cabbage, and vitamin) and imported (radish and red cabbage) sprout seeds by heat treatment (40, 50, 60, and 70$^{\circ}C$ for 15 min or 30 min). The germination ratio (define the ratio) was 45-97% at 24 h after treatment <60$^{\circ}C$ and was decreased at 70$^{\circ}C$. In domestic radish seed, total aerobic bacteria were decrease by approximately 1.71 log CFU/g after heat treatment at 70$^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and viable coliforms were decreased to under the detection limit at temperatures over 60$^{\circ}C$. Decrease of total aerobic bacteria and coliforms in domestic Chinese cabbage seed was 1.23-1.34 and 2.77 log CFU/g, respectively, after heat treatment over 60$^{\circ}C$. In domestic vitamin seed, total aerobic bacteria were decreased by about 0.3 log CFU/g at 70$^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. In imported radish seed, total aerobic bacteria were decreased 2.12-2.30 log CFU/g after heat treatment over 60$^{\circ}C$. Total aerobic bacteria in imported red cabbage seed were reduced by 0.66-0.84 log CFU/g after heat treatment over 40$^{\circ}C$ and coliforms were undetectable. In case of Bacillus cereus, there was no significant difference by heat treatment in any sample. Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. were not detected at the detection limit in any tested seeds at any temperature.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.36 no.7
• /
• pp.1111-1122
• /
• 2006

Purpose: This study examined the effects of aerobic exercise using a flex band on the improvement of physical functions & body image in breast cancer women undergoing radiation therapy after a mastectomy. Method: Women with breast cancer(n =26) were assigned to an experimental group(EG, n = 15) and control group(CG, n = 11). The E.G participated in an aerobic exercise program with a 60% to 80% intensity of maximal heart rate for 25 minutes during the main exercise, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks. The EG did not exercise regularly for 3 months before participating in this program. The CG received no exercise treatment during the research period. Data were analyzed using the $x^2-test$ and Mann-Whitney U test by the SPSS version 11.0 program at a 5% significant level. Results: Group analysis revealed that the EGwomen had significantly more improved cardio-pulmonary functions, ROM of the affected shoulder joint, and body image compared to the CG, Conclusion: Aerobic exercise using a flex band may be an effective rehabilitative measure for mastectomy women with respect to cardio-pulmonary functions, ROM, & body image. Further studies are recommended to study early rehabilitation programs within 10 days post-operatively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.1740-1745
• /
• 2004

In order to evaluate the in vitro synergic effect of Eunkyo-san, with quinolone antibiotics, rufloxacin (RUFX), the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), MIC50 and MIC90 of single use of quinolones and concomitant treatment with Eunkyo-san against 9 strains of aerobic gram positive bacteria. The obtained results were as follows : In the case of aerobic gram positive bacteria, the MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus smith, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus pyogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae Type Ⅰ, Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ was significantly decreased in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san compared to those of single treated groups of RUFX, respectively. However, no significant changes were demonstrated against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis. In conclusion, the in vitro antibacterial activity of RUFX were increased against some strains of aerobic gram positive strains, especially, pneumococcus such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus by concomitant use of Eunkyo-san.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 1988

This studies conducted to investigates shelf-life of fresh pork chop by using various packaging method such as aerobic packaging, aerobic packaging with lactobacilli, vacuum packaging and vacuum packaging with lactobacilli. Bacteriological and physicochemical proper ties of fresh pork chop were also investigated during storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The effect of lactobacilli treatment showed significantly in aerobic packaging and vacuum pactaging. The growth of lactobacilli did not occur in lactobacilli inoculated fresh pork chops. The gram-negative bacteria which caused to meat spoilage was inhibited by lactobacilli. The PH of Pork showed increasing tendancy regardless of treatments, TBA and VBN value appeared to be relatively low during storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The maximum shelf life of each treatments was 12-15 days of aerobic packaging. 20-25 days of vacuum packaging and aerobic packaging with lactobacilli and 30-35 days of vacuum pactaging with lactobacilli at $4^{\circ}C$ respectively.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.272-276
• /
• 2003

A yeast treatment process was applied to treat food processing organic wastewater containing inhibitory material to anaerobic bacteria. The wastewater contained high concentration of the furfural as a by-product from the food processing. Aerobic yeast (Candida utilis) was selected to remove organics in wastewater. The batch test showed that the wastewater had an inhibition to anaerobic bacteria. The optimum level of temperature for yeast treatment was ranged from 25 to 45$^{\circ}C$. The pH range from 4 to 8 was favorable to yeast growth. The continuous flow reactor was operated at various SRTs. The results were satisfactory with the reduction of COD up to 90％ at SRT of more than 1 day. Through the kinetic study of the yeast, the remained COD concentration was mainly caused by the formation of soluble microbial product (SMP).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.134-137
• /
• 1977

The most efficient method for reducing the organic content of dilute liquid waste is by aerobic-biological treatment. Basically, the organisms responsible for treatment possess the ability to decompose complex organic compounds and to use the energy so liberated for their bodily functions: reproduction, growth, locomotion and so on. That part of organic matter used to produce energy is converted to the essentially stable end products of carbon dioxide, water and ammonia, while the remainder is converted to new cells which can be settled and thus removed from the liquid before the waste is discharged to the receiving body water. Oxygen must be supplied continuously during the aerobic process. In the field of sewage treatment the Warburg respirometer is used mainly for the measurement of the oxygen uptake of samples. In this experiment the Warburg constant volume respirometer was used to determine the oxygen uptake by bacteria in the presence of various glucose concentrations. The rate of oxygen uptake by the bacteria was expressed as the respiratory quotient. The result indicated that the oxygen uptake was proportional to the glucose concentration. The expecting equation of the regression line was Y=7.7+0.12X where Y: respiratory quotient, ${\mu}l.\;O_2$ taken up/mg. dry wt. bacterium/hr. X: concentration of glucose, mg/l

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.510-517
• /
• 1999

For the treatment of Korean food-wastes, three mesophilic and one thermophilic bacteria were isolated from soil and fermented fertilizers. The thermophilic Streptomyces sp. strain WF021 produced two enzymes which were a protease and a lipase at 55$^{\circ}C$. The mesophilic Bacillus sp. strain WF024 produced four enzymes which were a protease, a lipase, a amylase and a cellulase when the strain was grown both at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 55$^{\circ}C$. The Bacillus sp. PY123 had produced three enzymes which were a protease, a cellulase and a lipase at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The Bacillus sp. strain CM1 produced three enzymes which were a protease, a amylase, and a cellulase at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The bacteria were grown in media containing 6% NaCl at least and did not have antagonism each other. The four isolates treated much more food-wastes than referance strains did. In a flask without aeration, three reference strains treated 15.4% of food-wastes, while four isolates treated 23.7% of food-wastes. In a flask with aeration, food-wastes were treated 67.3% by four isolates, and 64.3% by three reference strains, but 53.9% without bacteria. However, food-wastes were treated about 78% in a 200$\ell$-reactor made by Siwon Co., while 65.8% in a 20$\ell$-reactor made by Sanyo Co.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.295-309
• /
• 2022

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the operational characteristics of wastewater treatment using Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with Aerobic Granular Sludge (AGS) separator in the pilot plant. Pilot plant experiments were conducted using SBR with AGS separator and pollution removal efficiencies were evaluated based on the operational condition and surface properties of AGS. The results of the operation on water quality of the effluent showed that the average concentration of total organic carbon, suspended solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus was 6.89 mg/L, 7.33 mg/L, 7.33 mg/L, and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. All these concentrations complied the effluent standard in Korea. The concentration of mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) fluctuated, but the AGS/MLSS ratio was constant at 86.5±1.3%. Although the AGS/MLSS ratio was constant, sludge volume index improved. These results suggested that the particle discharged fine sludge and increased the AGS praticle size in the AGS. Optical microscopy revealed the presence of dense AGS at the end of the operation, and particles of > 0.6 mm were found. Compared to those of belt-type AGS separator, the required area and power consumption of the hydrocyclone-type AGS separator were reduced by 27.5% and 83.8%, respectively.