• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.480-487
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• 2004

This study was conducted to find the effect of electron acceptors on the formation of granular sludge by using four different types of electron acceptors. The phosphorous uptake, denitrification, and sulfate reduction in anoxic modes were simultaneously occured because of the presence of the polyphosphate accumultating organism(PAO) that utilize nitrate and sulfate as an electron acceptor in the anoxic zone. Denitrirying phosphorous removal bacteria(DPB) was enriched under anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic condition with a nitrate as an electron acceptor, and desulfating phosphorous removal bacteria(DSPB) was enriched under anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic condition with a sulfate as an electron acceptor. Polyphosphate accumulating organism(PAO) were enriched in the anaerobic/aerobic SBR. PAO took up acetate faster than DPB and DSPB during the aerobic phase. The sludge with nitrate and sulfate as an electron acceptors grew as a granules which possessed high activity and good settleability. In the anaerobic/aerobic modes, typical floccular growth was observed. In the result of bench-scale experiment, simultaneous reactions of phosphorus uptake, denitrification and sulfate reduction were observed under anoxic condition with nitrate and sulfate as an electron acceptors. These results demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic modes with nitrate and sulfate as an electron acceptors played an important role in the formation of the sludge granulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.378-384
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• 2007

Three microorganisms and one chemical preservative were tested for their effects on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages. Wheat at the early dough stage, sorghum at the late milk stage and maize at the one-third milk line stage were harvested and ensiled in 1.5-l anaerobic jars untreated or after the following treatments: control (no additives); Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ colony-forming units (CFU)/g of fresh forage; L. buchneri (LB) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; and a formic acid-based preservative (FAP) at 3 ml/kg of fresh forage weight. Three jars per treatment were sampled on d 90 after ensiling, for chemical and microbiological analysis. At the end of the ensiling period, 90 d, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 d. In this test, $CO_2$ produced during aerobic exposure was measured along with chemical and microbiological parameters which serve as spoilage indicators. The silages inoculated with LP had higher concentration of lactic acid compared with the controls and the other treated silages (p<0.05). The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages due to more $CO_2$ production (p<0.05) in these two groups and development of yeasts unlike the other groups. In the experiment, the silages treated with LB, PA and FAP were stable under aerobic conditions. However, the numbers of yeasts was higher in the LP-inoculated wheat, sorghum and maize silages compared with the LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The LB, PA and FAP improved the aerobic stability of the silages by causing more extensive heterolactic fermentation that resulted in the silages with high levels of acetic and propionic acid. The use of LB, PA and FAP as silage additives can improve the aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages by inhibition of yeast activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1798-1807
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• 2017

The differentiations in nitrogen-converting activity and microbial community structure between granular size fractions in a continuous completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) reactor, having a superior specific nitrogen removal rate of $0.24g/(g\;VSS{\cdot}h)$, were investigated by batch tests and high-throughput pyrosequencing analysis, respectively. Results revealed that a high dissolved oxygen concentration (>1.8 mg/l) could result in efficient nitrite accumulation with small granules (0.2-0.6 mm in diameter), because aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (genus Nitrosomonas) predominated therein. Meanwhile, intermediate size granules (1.4-2.0 mm in diameter) showed the highest nitrogen removal activity of $40.4mg/(g\;VSS{\cdot}h)$ under sufficient oxygen supply, corresponding to the relative abundance ratio of aerobic to anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (genus Candidatus Kuenenia) of 5.7. Additionally, a dual substrate competition for oxygen and nitrite would be considered as the main mechanism for repression of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, and the few Nitrospira spp. did not remarkably affect the overall performance of the reactor. Because all the granular size fractions could accomplish the CANON process independently under oxygen limiting conditions, maintaining a diversity of granular size would facilitate the stability of the suspended growth CANON system.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.742-750
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• 2014

This study was done in order to investigate the changes in quality of Cheonggukjang for soybean cultivars during fermentation. Cheonggukjang of 14 cultivars that were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis 15893 was produced, and, then, it was measured for hardness, proximate composition, amino nitrogen, enzyme activity, and total aerobic bacteria counts. In a raw bean, the highest hardness value was 16,975 g from Sunyu. In a steaming bean, Jangwon had the highest hardness value and the lowest aerobic bacteria counts of forty-eight hours fermented Cheonggukjang. Saedanbaek, whose protein contents was highest in raw bean, was also highest in Cheonggukjang. The amino nitrogen content of twenty-four hours fermented Cheonggukjang was highest in Saeol and Sunyu while forty-eight hours fermented Cheonggukjang was highest in Singi, Daol, and Milyang 231. In the protease activity, Saedanbaek had the highest and total aerobic bacteria count that were either increased or held as time went on ; twenty-four hours fermented Cheonggukjang was highest in Milyang 231 and Keunol while forty-eight hours fermented Cheonggukjang was highest in Chunsang.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.109-121
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• 2018

Background & objectives: Life style modification reduces the health risks of young people and improves their health status. Physical activity is known the effective factor to reduce health risks and health problems. This study performed to analyze health promotion behaviors related to physical activity among first-year students of university. Methods: To examine the association with physical activity and health promotion practices, health survey was conducted with 3,806 students who were first-year students in a university by self-reported questionnaire from February 26 to March 10, 2015. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the difference of health promotion behaviors by physical activities. Results: 51.4% of the first-year student was regular exercisers who had practiced on regular walking exercise or regular strength exercise or regular aerobic exercise for a week. 87.8% of students exercised one or more times within the last one week. On the other hand, 12.2% of them did not exercise. In multiple logistic regression models, it remained significantly the difference of regular exercise by gender, subjective health status, sleeping time per one day, BMI, drinking behavior, and eating habit (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Also it remained significantly the difference by physical activity type, such as walking, strengthen, and aerobic exercise (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Conclusion: To help the achievement of academic goal, it should build physical activity policies and comprehensive health promotion programs to reduce health risk factors of university students. Comprehensive university health services and customized program for university students could help to make the best of their health. In future, to enhance physical activity practice, it needs to develop various tailed messages and smart healthcare service using health information technology (IT) on campus.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2004

The activities of enzymes that act on oxygen derivatives in Rhodobacter sphaeroides D-230 were investigated under various culture conditions. Intracellular SOD activity from the cells grown in aerobic or anaerobic culture conditions was highest at pH 7.0 and pH 8.0, respectively. On the other hand, extracellular SOD activity was highest at pH 6.0. Catalase activity was highest at neutral pH in both cases. Growth of R. sphaeroides D-230 in aerobic or anaerobic culture conditions was inhibited by methyl viologen. As R. sphaeroides D-230 was cul-tured aerobically, SOD activity was increased about 2-fold by addition of iron ion. But $Mn^+2$ had little effect on the SOD activity of R. sphaeroides D-230 grown in aerobically. NaCN, the inhibitor of Cu$.$Zn-SOD, did not inhibit SOD activity. But, $NaN_3$, the inhibitor of Mn-SOD, inhibited SOD activity in anaerobic cultures con-dition. Therefore, R. sphaeroides D-230 produce Mn-SOD in anaerobic condition, although Fe-Sod is produced in aerobic condition. The activity of catalase was induced by methyl viologen, however, extremely inhibited by NaCN and $NaN_3$.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.351-359
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• 2021

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the practice of aerobic exercise and the prevalence and risk of arthritis with comorbid chronic diseases. For this study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2019 data were used and 17,356 people were selected as subjects. The relationship between the practice of aerobic exercise and the prevalence and risk of arthritis according to demographic characteristics and chronic diseases was analyzed by the chi-square independence test and Breslow-Day test. While the rate of aerobic exercise was low among women, the elderly, the low-income group, the low-education group, and people living in rural areas, the prevalence and risk of arthritis were relatively high. And in the chronic disease-positive group, those who practiced aerobic exercise had a relatively lower prevalence and risk of arthritis than those who did not. In particular, the practice of aerobic exercise was an effective complement in reducing the prevalence and risk of arthritis in people with high blood pressure, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Therefore, the practice of aerobic exercise such as walking, slow running, and aerobic dance should be recommended in terms of the preventive medicine and health care to people who are in the group with a high prevalence of arthritis in demographic characteristics and people who have comorbid chronic diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.344-360
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• 2018

This study examined the sociodemographic factors, health-related habits, chronic diseases, dietary habits, and nutrient intake according to the self-rated health status in a group aged over 65 years by analyzing the nationally representative Korean survey data. A total of 1,510 subjects were analyzed among the participants of the 2016 Korean National Health and Examination Survey (KNHANES). Statistical analyses for complex samples were performed using the SPSS software package (version 19.0) The study subjects were divided into two groups (healthy group vs. unhealthy group) based on their self-rated health status. The percentage of the healthy group was 66.5%. Gender, age, education level, household income, job (P<0.001, respectively), marital status, and basic living allowance (P<0.05, respectively) were significant sociodemographic variables of the self-rated health status. Alcohol consumption (P<0.01), aerobic physical activity, stress, quality of life, not feeling very well, depression and activity restriction (P<0.001, respectively) were also significant health-related variables of the self-rated health status. Blood glucose, anemia (P<0.05, respectively), and chewing problems (P<0.001) were significant chronic disease-related variables of the self-rated health status. Adequate intakes of protein, dietary fiber, phosphorus, thiamin, niacin, vitamin C (P<0.001, respectively), calcium, sodium, potassium (P<0.01, respectively), iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin (P<0.05, respectively) were also significant variables of the self-rated health status. In complex samples multiple logistic regression analysis, the self-rated health status was influenced significantly by the aerobic physical activity (P<0.01), stress level (P<0.05), depression (P<0.001), quality of life (P<0.001), not feeling very well (P<0.001), activity restriction (P<0.001), chewing problem (P<0.05), and adequate intake of iron (P<0.05). These results suggest that activity restriction, mental health, adequate iron intake, and physical activity may be associated with the self-rated health status in the elderly.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2018

In this study, the quality characteristics of cheonggukjang with addition of different quinoa were investigated. We evaluated the quality and sensory characteristics of cheonggukjang, including the pH, amino nitrogen, slime contents, color value, and total aerobic bacteria. Moreover, The anti-oxidant activities were measured as total polyphenol content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The pH and amino nitrogen content were noted to significantly increase during the fermentation period in all the samples. The slime content of cheonggukjang added with quinoa increased with increased fermentation time, but cheonggukjang with addition of 20% of quinoa was decreased. The L value and b value decreased significantly with increased fermentation time, but the a value increased significantly. The microbial tests of cheonggukjang with addition of quinoa showed that the aerobic micro-organisms count was 7.45~9.10 Log cfu/g. Total polyphenol contents increased in all groups during the fermentation period, and activity increased with an increased percentage of added quinoa. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity of cheonggukjang (with addition of quinoa) were also significantly higher than those of the control. The sensory quality of quinoa 10% cheonggukjang was stronger in flavor, and taste, and demonstrated a higher level of overall acceptability, when compared to the other groups.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1740-1745
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• 2004

In order to evaluate the in vitro synergic effect of Eunkyo-san, with quinolone antibiotics, rufloxacin (RUFX), the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), MIC50 and MIC90 of single use of quinolones and concomitant treatment with Eunkyo-san against 9 strains of aerobic gram positive bacteria. The obtained results were as follows : In the case of aerobic gram positive bacteria, the MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus smith, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus pyogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae Type Ⅰ, Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ was significantly decreased in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san compared to those of single treated groups of RUFX, respectively. However, no significant changes were demonstrated against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis. In conclusion, the in vitro antibacterial activity of RUFX were increased against some strains of aerobic gram positive strains, especially, pneumococcus such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus by concomitant use of Eunkyo-san.