• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.524-529
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• 2004

Background: Since the Nuss procedure for the correction of pectus excavatum is in its early stage, there have been problems that need to be solved. We examined complications in a single-institute experience of the Nuss technique in order to develop possible solutions to prevent them. Material and Method: 335 consecutive patients, who underwent the modified Nuss procedure between August 1999 and October 2002, were studied retrospectively. Median age was 8 years (range 1 to 46). 264 patients (78.8%) were in pediatric group (age$\leq$15) and 71 patients (21.2%) were in adult group (age> 15). 193 patients (57.6%) had symmetric and 142 patients (42.4%) had asymmetric pectus configurations. Risk factors predicting postoperative complications were analyzed using multi-variate logistic regression. Result: Postoperative complication rates were 18.9% (61/335) in total patients. Frequent complications were pneumothorax 24 (7.5%), bar displacement 11 (3.4%), and wound seroma 10 (3.1%) in order. Early complications (within a month, 49 cases, 15.2%) were pneumothorax (n=23, 6.9%), wound seroma (n=12, 3.6%), and bar displacement (n=8, 2.4%). Late complications (after a month, 12 cases, 3.7%) were pericarditis and pericardial effusion (n=5, 1.5%), bar displacement (n=4, 1.2%), and hemothorax (n=3, 0.9%). Techniques were modified to prevent complications especially in bar shaping and fixation, which led to decrease complication rate in later experience (Operation Date 1: 15/51 (29.4%) vs Operation Date 2: 34/284 (12.0%), p=0.004). Grand Canyon type (eccentric long canal type) showed higher complication rate than other types (GC type: 12/30(40%) vs Others: 37/305 (12.1%), p<0.001). Major risk factors are severity of pectus (OR=2.88, p=0.038), Grand Canyon type (OR=2.82, p=0.044), and Op. Date 1 (OR=4.05, p=0.001). Conclusion: Major complications were related to severe eccentric type of pectus configuration (Grand Canyon type) and lack of surgeon's experience (Op. Date 1). Com-plication rate was reduced with accumulation of experience and advancement of surgical techniques. The Nuss procedure can be performed at a low risk of complications with our current technique.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.56-62
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• 2000

Effects of sublethal dose of imidacloprid on biological characteristics, such as longevity, fecundity and excretions from brown planthopper (BPH) and its repellency to imidacloprid were examined. Topical application of imidacloprid to BPH at the dose of $LD_{10}$ and $LD_{30}$ (These values were determined at 48 hours after topical application of imidacloprid) was remarkably increased the mortality from 3 days after application and showed over 90% mortality on 4 days after application. Topical application of imidacloprid at dose of $LD_{10}$ (16 days) showed no difference compared to the control (16.9 days) in the longevity, while application of $LD_{30}$ was reduced the longevity of BPH to 13.5 days. Application of sublethal dose of imidacloprid to BPH adults reduced the number of eggs laid per day and for adult stage, and the hatchability of their eggs. By root zone application at the dose of $LC_{30}$, 50% longevity and 40% fecundity was reduced respectively, but showed no effect on number of eggs laid per day. The day on which BPH laid 50 % of eggs in number were 7.6 days at the $LC_{10}$ and 5.9 days the of $LC_{30}$ respectively. Hatchabilities of the groups treated with imidacloprid were lower than that of the control. Topical application to BPH at the dose of $LD_{10}$ did not reduce the amount of excretes, but application at the dose of $LD_{30}$ was reduced 26.5% of excretion compared to the control. Leaf dipping into the solution of concentration of $LC_{10}$ and $LC_{30}$ was reduced 96.4% and 98.0% of excretion, respectively. And root zone treatment at the concentration of $LC_{10}$ and $LC_{30}$ reduced 79.5% and 96.6% of excretion, respectively. Repellency rates of BPH to imidacloprid were 20% regardless of the dose of application.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the seasonal occurrence, developmental characteristics of each nymphal stages with different temperatures (20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$), longevity and fecundity of ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis, damaging by outbreaks in the orchard areas of Bitan-ri, Yeongdong, Chungbuk. Paratlanticus ussuriensis occurred from late-March to late-August with peak of mid-May. Newly emerged nymphs appeared from March and do damaged fruit orchards with peak of mid-May when P. ussuriensis existed as 4th and 5th nymphal stages. P. ussuriensis adult occurred from early-June to mid-Aug. with peak of mid-July. Total density of P. ussuriensis was showed highest in mid-May. Paratlanticus ussuriensis goes through nymphal stages to 7th nymph, the ovipositor began exposed to outside from the 4th instar and the body weight increased heavily from this stage and the wings were observed from 6th instar. Developmental period was longer as increased the nymphal stages. Sex ratio of collected insect was showed as 0.57; females more than males. As increased the temperature, developmental period was to be short. Preoviposition was also to be short as 5.0, 4.3, and 3.4 days at 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$, respectively, and fecundity increased as 69.0, 87.1, and 104.3 at 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Longevity of male and female at $25^{\circ}C$ was showed the longest with 35.7, and 32.9 days and showed the shortest with 30.1 and 28.1 days at $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The difference of developmental period in male and female were showed longer in female without relation of temperature. The eggs laid were frequently distributed 3 to 4 cm from soil surface, and showed the behavior laying eggs intensively when early oviposition period.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2017

There have been questions how entrepreneurs think, act and why individuals become entrepreneurs. The trait-based explanation of entrepreneurial activities has been main stream. However, the trait-based theory has been criticized because it assumes that entrepreneurial traits are inherited, stable and enduring over time. This research accepts the cognitive theory to see how entrepreneurs learn or accept others' values, how entrepreneurial perceptions of opportunity impact entrepreneurial actions and how individuals acquire the social legitimation of the formation of entrepreneurial activities. In order to capture the attitudes, activities and motivations of people who are involved in entrepreneurial activities, the author uses the GEM Korea 2016 data. The data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) has been well known for the data to capture individuals early-stage entrepreneurial activities. This paper used the sample from the APS(Adult Population Survey) of the GEM which was completed by a representative sample of two thousand adults in Korea by the qualified survey vendor, with strict procedures and oversight by the GEM central data team. The hypotheses are tested with logit regression analysis to estimate the probability of the influence of perceptual variables such as individual perception in social learning, the opportunity recognition in the environment, and social legitimation in the entrepreneurial activities. Based on the results, individuals tend to have high entrepreneurial activities if individuals have high self-efficacy. Also, the existence of role models around the entrepreneurs encourages the individuals involve in entrepreneurial activities more however the perception of opportunity in the environment is not strongly associated with entrepreneurial activities. The media exposure of successful entrepreneurs is more important than others' perception of entrepreneurs on the desirable career option or respect from communities. This paper can contribute to the cognitive processes, particular perception about oneself, as well as perception which is impacted by a community or a society.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2007

This study aims to analyze the voices of the patients with voice disorders including vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst and vocal nodule/polyp in the aspect of acoustic phonetics. This study intends to collect subsidiary acoustic data in order to make a speech treatment and an standardization of vocal disorders. Subjects and Methods: The subjects of this study were 64 adult patients who underwent indirect laryngoscopy and laryngostroboscopy, and were diagnosed as vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst or vocal nodule/polyp. Experimental group consisted of 20 patients who were diagnosed as vocal fold paralysis, 21 patients who were diagnosed as vocal fold cyst and had the average age of 42.0 $({\pm}10.03)$ ; and 23 patients who were diagnosed as vocal nodule/polyp and had the average age of 40.9 $({\pm}13.75)$. For the methodology of this study, the patients listed above were asked to sit in a comfortable position at intervals of 10cm apart from the patient's mouth and a microphone, and subsequently to phonate a vowel sound /e/ for the maximum phonation time with natural tone and vocal volume then the sound was directly inputted on a computer. During recording, sampling rate was set to 44,100Hz and the 1-second area corresponding to stable zone except the first and the last stage of waveform of the vowel sound /e/ vocalized by the individual patients was analyzed. Results: First, there was no statistically significant difference in jitter and shimmer between vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold cyst, while there was highly statistically significant difference in them between vocal fold paralysis and vocal nodule/polyp. Second, looking into the mean values obtained from NNE, HNR and SNR results associated with noise ratio, the disease showing the most abnormal characteristics was vocal fold paralysis, followed by cyst and nodule/polyp in order. For NNE, there was statistically significant difference between vocal nodule/polyp, and cyst or paralysis. In other words, it was found that the NNE of vocal nodule/polyp was weaker than that of cyst or paralysis. Similarly, HNR and SNR also showed the same characteristics; there was statistically significant difference between vocal fold paralysis and vocal fold cyst or nodule/polyp, and HNR and SNR values of vocal fold paralysis were lower than those of vocal fold cyst or nodule/polyp. Conclusion: For vocal fold paralysis, the abnormal values of acoustic parameters associated with frequency, amplitude and noise ratio were statistically significantly higher than those of vocal fold cyst and nodule/polyp. This finding suggests that the voices of the patients with vocal fold paralysis are the most severely injured due to less stability of vocal fold movement, asymmetry and incomplete glottic closure. In addition, there was no statistically significant difference in the acoustic parameters of tremor among vocal fold paralysis, vocal fold cyst and vocal nodule/polyp. Further studies need to ascertain reasonable acoustic parameters with various vocal disorders as well as to clarify the correlation between acoustics-based objective tools and subjective evaluations.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2012

Population dynamics of the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), were observed and modeled in order to compare the effects of air and tomato leaf temperatures inside a greenhouse using DYMEX model builder and simulator (pre-programed module based simulation programs developed by CSIRO, Australia). The DYMEX model simulator consisted of a series of modules with the parameters of temperature dependent development and oviposition models of L. trifolii were incorporated from pre-published data. Leaf surface temperatures of cherry tomato leaves (cv. 'Koko') were monitored according to three tomato plant positions (top, > 1.8 m above the ground level; middle, 0.9 - 1.2 m; bottom, 0.3 - 0.5 m) using an infrared temperature gun. Air temperature was monitored at the same three positions using a self-contained temperature logger. Data sets for the observed air temperature and average leaf surface temperatures were collected (top and bottom surfaces), and incorporated into the DYMEX simulator in order to compare the effects of air and leaf surface temperature on the population dynamics of L. trifolii. The initial population consisted of 50 eggs, which were laid by five female L. trifolii in early June. The number of L. trifolii larvae was counted by visual inspection of the tomato plants in order to verify the performance of DYMEX simulation. The egg, pupa, and adult stage of L. trifolii could not be counted due to its infeasible of visual inspection. A significant positive correlation between the observed and the predicted numbers of larvae was found when the leaf surface temperatures were incorporated into the DYMEX simulation (r = 0.97, p < 0.01), but no significant positive correlation was observed with air temperatures(r = 0.40, p = 0.18). This study demonstrated that the population dynamics of L. trifolii was affected greatly by the leaf temperatures, though to little discernible degree by the air temperatures, and thus the leaf surface temperature should be for a consideration in the management of L. trifolii within cherry tomato greenhouses.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.10
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• pp.1-25
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• 1969

Since widely use of anthracite for the radiating purpose in a rearing room in Korea, the weakness of silkworm, poor uniformity of the worm growth, the increase of missing worm ratio, unusual cocoon assorting ratio, and the decrease of cocoon layer ratio have been realized by the author, therefore, he has started out to search the mechanism of these evil influences regarding with various gas densities and terms of the gas treatment which will be supposed to be a warning for temperature control during the silkworm reading work. Among the anthracite gas components, CO or SO$_2$ influence and their complexed harm effect were investigated through the use of anthracite gas, CO and SO$_2$ gas. Meantime, each treatment was applied, separately, during the worm egg stage, young instar, adult instar and whole instar, because the harm intensity for any improperable rearing condition is flexible by the growing stages. Meantime, the gas density and term variation were applied for the above each treatment such as in case of anthracite and CO gas, the following treat methods were used. 1) 0.06% for 30 mins. 2) 0.06% for 1 hour. 3) 0.1% for 1 hour. 4) 0.15% for 1 hour. on the other hand, SO$_2$ gas was used as 1) 120ppm for 30 mins. 2) 200ppm for 30 mins. 3) 400ppm for 30 mins. The measurement of gas density was proceeded by using CO tester (Carbon Monoxide Indicator) and SO$_2$ tester (Indicator Sampler Cgf) which could keep any specific density before each treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2012

Pepper seedlings of 6-leaf stage were inoculated with cell suspension of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria 1523 7 days after the application of Bion-M by soil-drenching. Disease severity in the treatment with 20 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of acibenzolar-S-methyl, with which Bion-M was composed, was 19%, whereas that of the untreated control was 75%. The resulting control value of acibenzolar-S-methyl was calaulated as much as 74.7%. The control value of acibenzolar-S-methyl was dependent with the applied concentrations and ranged 29.3% to 49.3% at 4.0 and 0.8 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of acibenzolar-S-methyl, respectively. Phytotoxicity was observed at 20.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$, as lower leaves became to be yellowed and defoliated. The cell density of inoculum suspension of X. euvesicatoria 1523 affected the control value of acibenzolar-S-methyl. With optical density (O.D.) of 0.5 the control value of 4.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of acibenzolar-S-methyl was 86.0%. However, the control value improved as high as 97.8% at the O.D. value of 0.1. The control value was 75.0% in adult plant of pepper, when acibenzolar-S-methyl was treated by soil-drenching 7 days before inoculation with cell suspension of X. euvesicatoria 1523. The control effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl on pepper bacterial spot was obtained in pepper field, showing that the control value at 10.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ was 71.2%.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.153-162
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• 1996

Rapid maxillary expansion is widely used for the correction of anteroposterior discrepancies, constriction of the maxillary arch, etc. This experiment was undertaken to examine the serial changes in the osteogenesis as well as the collagen fiber bundles in the intermaxillary suture during the rapid maxillary expansion treatment. Four young female dogs aged 6 to 8 months old and not showing menarche yet were used for the experiment. The maxillary impression of dogs were taken, expansion device cast and Hyrax screw soldered at the midline in the 1st premolar area. RME device was delivered to the dogs and the activation of 0.25 mm per quarter-turn was done 2 times per day for 10 days until 5 mm separation was made. Separation of the maxilla was confirmed by X-ray. The animals were sacrificed on 0, 15, 30, 60 days from the finish of maxillary separation and preparations for light microscopy and surface electron microscopy were made. The sutures were cut into frontal serial sections for examination of the histological reactions. The following results were obtained and the conclusions made. 1. The edges of the two palatal plates bordering the midpalatal suture which at the beginning of the retention period were mainly composed of compact bone, underwent extensive resorption followed by new bone formation and gradually became spongy bone rich in bone marrow which in the 60 day retention animal became the compact bone with short intermaxillary suture space. During this transformation, newly formed trabecular bone tissues were added to the original margin. 2. Throughout the expansion period, the collagen fibers underwent successive changes such as stretching, loss of polarity, and finally fibrillogenesis. Towards the end of the expansion procedure, sharpey's fiber formation in newly formed bones were observed. 3. Bony spicules were found in the initial stage of retention on occlusal topographic X-rays, which later were confirmed to have ossified. 4. Judging from the histological changes occuring during the experimental expansion, excessive expansion will cause an excessive bleeding, and retard the remodeling of intermaxillary suture. According to the above results, the bone remodeling after rapid maxillary expansion was preceded by the migration of migratory cells into the intermaxillary suture area. The bone remodeling phenomena were on-going during the 2 months retention sample.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.909-921
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• 2000

Background : Defects in apoptotic signaling pathways play important role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis and resistance to treatment. Several proteins which may promote tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis were identified. The survivin protein is the member of inhibitor of apoptosis protein(IAPs) family which inhibits apoptosis. Unlike other IAPs, it is expressed in during the fetal period but not in adult differentiated tissues. Many reports have stated that survivin is selectively expressed in many cancer cell lines and cancer tissues. We performed immunohistochemical analysis for survivin expression in non-mall cell lung cancer to get evaluate its clinical implication. Methods : Twenty nine surgically resected lung cancers were examined. Immunohistochemical staining were performed by immuno-peroxidase technique using avidin-biotinylated horseradish pemxidase complex in the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue $4{\mu}m$ section. Anti-survivin polyclonal antibody was used for primary antibody and anti-p53 monoclonal antibody was also used to analyze the correlation between survivin and p53 expression. The survivin expression scores were determined by as the sum of the stained area and intensity. Results : Immunohistochemical analysis showed cancer specific expression of survivin in 20 of 29 cases (69.0%). Western blot analysis also showed the selective survivin expression in tumor tissue. There was no correlation between survivin expression and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. We analyzed the ∞π'elation between survivin expression and p53 expression, but found none. Conclusion: We confirmed the tumor specific expression of survival in non-small cell lung canær. But this expression was not correlated with clinical parameters as well as histology, tumor stage, recurrence, and survival rate. Also it was not statistically correlated with the expression of p53.