• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.7-25
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• 2008

Sodium dodecyl sulfate, which was anionic surfactant, at a concentration higher than its critical micellar concentration was added to calcium solution for forming micelles. Then aggregates were formed by adsorption or binding of calcium ions on the surface of micelles, and gathering between them, and then rejected by two kinds of ceramic membranes to remove calcium ions. As result, rejection rates of calcium were higher than 99.98%. And in our experimental range the higher TMP trended to increase the resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$), total permeate volume ($V_T$), dimensionless permeate flux ($J/J_o$) and permeate flux (J) because TMP was driving force. And we investigated effects of $N_2$-back-flushing time and filtration time, that was back-flushing period, during periodic $N_2$-back-flushing on ceramic membranes. As result, optimal BTs for NCMT-623l ($0.07{\mu}m$ pore size) and NCMT-7231 membrane ($0.10{\mu}m$) were 10 sec and 15 sec, respectively. Also, optimal FT was 5 min for both membranes, and the frequent $N_2$-back-flushing could decrease membrane fouling effectively. Then, the optimal conditions resulting from our experiments for synthetic calcium solution were applied to groundwater using as washing process of soymilk package. As result, rejection rates of calcium were higher than 99.98%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.10 no.1 s.20
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• pp.69-73
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• 2004

Control if Sediment is very important in prawn farm due to the eruption of toxic materials such as unionized $H_{2}S,\;NH_{3}\;and\;NO_3$. In this study, column test was conducted with filter media such as activated carbon, zeolite, oyster shell and iron chloride to evaluate the reduction of toxicity from sediment. ammonia-N($NH_3$) was effectively removed by Zeolite and oyster shell. It was indicated that ammonium ion($NH_4^+$) was removed by ion exchange of zeolite. And the ammonia in the column of oyster shell was existed as the form of $NH_4^+$, which is not toxic for prawn because oyster shell was stably kept at $8{\sim}9g$ of pH. Therefore, some of ammonia($NH_4^+$) was removed by oyster shell. Hydrogen sulfide and COD were effectively removed by adsorption of activated carbon and a partial removal of hydrogen sulfide was accomplished by Oyster shell. Phosphorous was removed by activated carbon, oyster shell and iron chloride. In prawn farm, the concentration of ammonia was increased with increase of pH by algae photosynthesis in the column of activated carbon, zeolite and iron chloride, but it was revealed that pH was stably kept in the column of oyster shell.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2006

Properties of wood charcoal made from the domestic wood species at $300-900^{\circ}C$ have investigated to understand the correlation between carbonization temperature and chemical and physical characteristics of wood charcoal. In terms of charcoal yield at particular carbonization temperatures, it was drastically decreased until the temperature reaches up to $600^{\circ}C$ and the decrease ratio of yield was reduced at higher temperatures. As the carbonization temperature increased, pH of the wood charcoal increased so that it became basic at last. The wood charcoal prepared at $600{\sim}700^{\circ}C$ showed the highest caloric value and those of wood charcoals made at higher temperature became plateau at a little lower level than the peak. The caloric value of Japanese larch charcoal was a bit higher than that of Red oak charcoal. The carbon content in the wood charcoal was increased as the carbonization temperature increased, whereas the hydrogen content was decreased. Specific surface area of the wood charcoal became larger with increase in temperature up to $600^{\circ}C$ but it was decreased or reduced in the increasing ratio after, and then it rose again at higher temperature than $800^{\circ}C$. Absorption capacity of the wood charcoal against iodine and gaseous acetic acid became greater as the carbonization temperature increased. Japanese larch charcoal presented higher absorption capacity than Red oak charcoal. As the above results, it is revealed that carbonization temperature affects the chemical and physical properties of wood charcoal. Therefore, to use wood charcoal with maximum effect it should be prepared at optimum temperature for proper use.

• Clean Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2016

In this studies, SCR reaction activity and SO₂ durability enhancement study on manufacturing conditions of the V/TiO₂ catalyst was carried out for the removal of nitrogen oxides generated in the combustion furnace. The catalysts are characterized by XPS, Raman, H₂-TPR and SO₂-TPD. When the vanadium was contained of 2 wt%, it showed excellent SO₂ durability and catalytic activity. and When the tungsten is added as a promotor, the enhancement of reducing ability at a low temperature and reduction of SO₂ adsorption capacity improved the reaction activity and SO₂ durability. V/W/TiO₂ are prepared by the lower pH of vanadium solution, vanadium was highly dispersed on the surface and inhibited the formation of crystalline V₂O₅. in addition, it was confirmed that this catalyst can be used as excellent resistance to high concentration of CO in the combustion furnace.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2007

Process analysis with ASM3 (Activated Sludge Model3) was performed to offer basic data for the optimization of aerated biofilter (ABF) process design and operation. This study was focused on the simulation of the nitrification reaction in ABF which was a part of the advanced nutrient treatment process using bio-adsorption. The ABF process has been developed for the removal of suspended solids and nitrification reaction in sewage. A GPS-X (General Purpose Simualtor-X) was used for the sensitivity analysis and operation assessment. Sensitivity of ASM3 parameters on ABF was analysed and 4 major parameters ($Y_A$, $k_{sto}$, ${\mu}_A$, $K_{A,HN}$) were determined by dynamic simulation using 70 days data from pilot plant operation. The optimized values were 0.14 for $Y_A$, 3.5/d for $k_{sto}$, 2.7/d for ${\mu}_A$ and 1.1 mg/L for $K_{A,HN}$, respectively. Simulation with optimized parameter values were conducted and TN, $NH_4{^+}-N$ and $NO_3{^-}-N$ concentrations were estimated and compared with measured data at the range of 10 min to 4 hrs of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The simulated results showed that optimized parameter values could represent the characteristics of ABF process. Especially, the ABF showed relatively high nitrification rate (60%) under very short HRT of 10 min. As a consequence, the ABF was thought to be successfully used in the site which having high variation of influent loading rate.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.612-618
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• 2023

Modern society spends more than 80% of its daily life indoors, emphasizing the need for attention to indoor air pollution due to the improvement in living standards. In this study, the performance and reaction characteristics of the Pt/TiO₂ catalysts prepared by liquid-phase reduction for the removal of formaldehyde (HCHO), one of the indoor air pollutants, at room temperature without the need for additional light or heat were investigated. As a result, it showed that catalysts prepared by the same method showed approximately 40~80% various activities depending on the type of TiO₂. XRD, BET, and XPS analyses were performed to investigate the particle size, crystal structure, specific surface area, and O/Ti molar ratio of the support material, and it revealed that the correlation between the properties and performance was insignificant. To explore the oxidation reaction pathway of formaldehyde (HCHO), in situ DRIFT analysis using carbon monoxide and H₂-TPR was perfomed. The results revealed that the performance was demonstrated by the oxidation state of the active metal and the adsorption-desorption characteristics of the adsorbate species.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

Phenanthrene uptake by surfactant sorbed on activated carbon was investigated to recycle of surfactant in washed solution for contaminated soil. The partitioning of phenanthrene to the activated carbon coating with Triton X-100 as a surfactant was also evaluated by a mathematical model. Phenanthrene-contaminated soil (200 mg/kg) was washed in 10 g/L of surfactant solution. Washed phenanthrene in solution was separated by various particle loadings of granular activated carbon through a mode of selective adsorption. Removal of phenanthrene was 99.3%, and surfactant recovery was 88.9% by 2.5 g/L of granular activated carbon, respectively. Phenanthrene uptake by activated carbon was greater than that of phenanthrene calculated by a standard model for a system with one partitioning component. This is accounted for enhanced surface solubilization by hemi-micelles adsorbed onto granular activated carbon. The effectiveness factor is greater than 1 and molar ratio of solubilization to sorbed surfactant is higher than that of liquid surfactant. Results suggest that separation of contaminants and surfactants by activated carbon through washing process in soil is much effective than that of calculated in a theoretical model.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.407-410
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• 2009

18~19 wt% $KMnO_4$/$SiO_2-Al_2O_3$ with Si/Al = 1/5 and 1/10, and 20 wt% $KMnO_4$/$Al_2O_3$ were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Catalytic activity of ethylene abatement over those samples were evaluated and compared under the conditions of GHSV $1125h^{-1}$, ethylene gas (ethylene 0.2%, air 99.8%, relative humidity 50%) at 30, 40, 60 and $120^{\circ}C$ using a fixed-bed reactor. $KMnO_4$/$SiO_2-Al_2O_3$ was showed better performance than $KMnO_4$/$Al_2O_3$ by 170~210% at 30, $40^{\circ}C$, and by 60% at 60, $150^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1371-1380
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• 2007

Study on the instability of waste plastic's thermal pyrolysis oil was carried out for the purpose of improving its quality. The reaction of pyrolysis oil with ozone changed double bonds into aldehydes and ketone, estimated that HDPE pyrolysis oil contained $\sim45$ wt% 1-alkene type olefins, and PP pyrolysis oil did $\sim73$ wt% olefins, which consisted of $\sim47$ wt% secondary and $\sim20$ wt% primary alkenes. The dark brown color and odor of pyrolysis oil were improved by eliminating double bonds, indicated that they were directly related to unsaturated hydrocarbons. Container test showed that metal can affected oil quality worse than the brown glass bottle. Antioxidant added into pyrolysis oil was consumed up to 90% within $2\sim3$ days and the wt. composition of unsaturated hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil was not changed within 50 days, inferring that instability of pyrolysis oil due to unsaturated bonds can be stabilized by antioxidants. Adsorption test on silica gel, activated carbon and alumina to remove precipitates in oil produced a good result, but not enough to remove moisture. However, cheap anhydrous sodium carbonate showed the best removal efficiency of moisture as well as precipitates in oil. Therefore the pyrolysis oil quality improvement was accomplished by applying anhydrous $Na_2CO_3$ into the production plant.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 2010

Desalination effects of capacitive deionization (CDI) process was studied using $TiO_2$/activated carbon electrode. In order to enhance the wettability of electrode and decrease a electrode resistance, $TiO_2$ was coated on activated carbon. By means of $TiO_2$ coating on activated carbon, electric double layer to adsorption content in CDI process was increased. It was identified from TEM, XRD, and XPS that the activated carbon based on $TiO_2$ composite was fabricated successfully by means of sol-gel method. As a results of cyclic voltammetry and impedance, it was identified that $TiO_2$/activated carbon electrode has more electric double later capacitance and less diffusion resistance than activated carbon. Also charge-discharge and ion conductivity profiles showed that the ion removal ratios of $TiO_2$/activated carbon electrode in NaCl electrolyte of $1000\;{\mu}S/cm$ more increased about 39% than that of activated carbon. In conclusion it was possible to identify that the carbon electrode coated $TiO_2$ as electrode material was more effective than raw carbon electrode.