• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to optimize the four-bed six-step pressure swing adsorption(PSA) process for high purity $CH_4$ recovery from the biogas. The effects of P/F(purge to feed) ratio and cycle time on the process performance were evaluated. The cyclic steady-states of PSA process were reached after 12 cycles. The purity and recovery rate of product gas, pressure and temperature changes were constant as the cycle repeated. It was shown that the P/F ratio gave significant effect on the product recovery rate by increasing the amount of purge gas in purge and regeneration step. The optimal P/F ratio was found to be 0.08. As the cycle time increased, the product purity decreased by increasing the feed gas flow rate. It was found that the optimal operating conditions were P/F ratio of 0.08 and total cycle time of 1,440 seconds with the purity of 97%.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.40-47
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• 2001

To remove $Zn^{2+}$(422 ppm) and $Mn^{2+}$(53.1 ppm) from Sambo mine runoff(the total amount of heavy metals : 107 ppm) in Whasung, packed bed column tests were run in two stages plastic columns. The non-treated bark(Pinus densiflora, Quercus accutisima) of each 6 kg were placed into columns. The height and diameter of column were 60 cm and 45 cm, respectively. Flow rate ranged to 1 ${\ell}$/min for 15 days. The concentration of heavy metal ions in filtrate was determinded periodically. By the treatment of oak bark the initial concentration of $Zn^{2+}$ was maintained under 10 ppm(the adsorption rate: 64%) for 24 hr, while pine bark kept the initial concentration of $Zn^{2+}$ under 20 ppm(the adsorption rate: 53%) for 15 hr. However the initial concentration of $Mn^{2+}$ was reduced only to 10.6~18.6 ppm (the adsorption rate: 20~35%) until 10 hr. Thereafter, the adsorption of $Mn^{2+}$ by bark decreased rapidly. There was little difference in the adsorption ratio of $Mn^{2+}$ between oak and pine bark. The use of bark to remove $Zn^{2+}$ in Samba mine runoff was effective, but it wasn't proper to remove $Mn^{2+}$.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.65-72
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• 2013

Adsorption of melamine was examined using columns packed with granular activated carbon (GAC). Raw GAC was sieved with 20, 40, 60 and 80 mesh to determine the influence of adsorbent particle size on reaction and diffusion. The mass ratio of the adsorption capacity of GAC for melamine ranged from 9.19 to 11.06%, and adsorption rates increased with decreasing particle size within this range. Rate constants between 3.295 ~ 4.799 $min^{-1}$ were obtained using a pseudofirst-order equation that was used to determine adsorption kinetics. A surface diffusion model was adapted to take into account the unsteady-state equation of a spherical adsorbent by converting the surface concentration from a constant to a variable governed by a dispersion equation. The calculated values were fit with the experimental results by using the diffusion coefficients as regression parameters. The modified equation exhibited a more precise agreement with respect to the sum of the absolute error (SAE).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.887-893
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• 2014

In order to remove fluoride ions from aqueous solution, PVC-$Al(OH)_3$ beads were prepared by immobilizing $Al(OH)_3$ with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The prepared PVC-$Al(OH)_3$ bead was characterized by using SEM, EDS and Zeta potential. Dependences of pH, contact time and initial fluoride concentration on the adsorption of fluoride ions were studied. The optimal pH was in the range of 4~10. The adsorption was rapid during the initial 12 hr, and equilibrium was attained within 72 hr. The adsorption rate of fluoride ions by PVC-$Al(OH)_3$ beads obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm model was found to be 62.68 mg/g.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.153-157
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• 2009

Arsenic at abandoned mine sites has adversely affected human health in Korea. In this study, the feasibility of using cationic surfactant-modified activated carbon (MAC) to remove As(V) was evaluated in terms of adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and column experiments. The adsorption of As(V) onto MAC was satisfactorily simulated by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm model. In column experiments, the breakthrough point of AC was 28 bed volumes (BV), while that of MAC increased to 300 BV. The modification of AC using cationic surfactant increased the sorption rate and sorption capacity with regard to As(V). As a result, MAC is a promising adsorbent for treating As(V) in aqueous streams.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 2017

Adsorption equilibrium and kinetic behavior of two toxic heavy metals hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and mercury [Hg(II)] on mustard oil cake (MOC) was studied. Isotherm of total chromium was of concave type (S1 type) suggesting cooperative adsorption. Total chromium adsorption followed BET isotherm model. Isotherm of Hg(II) was of L3 type with monolayer followed by multilayer formation due to blockage of pores of MOC at lower concentration of Hg(II). Combined BET-Langmuir and BET-Freundlich models were appropriate to predict Hg(II) adsorption data on MOC. Boyd's model confirmed that external mass transfer was rate limiting step for both total chromium and Hg(II) adsorptions with average diffusivity of $1.09{\times}10^{-16}$ and $0.97m^2/sec$, respectively. Desorption was more than 60% with Hg(II), but poor with chromium. The optimum pH for adsorptions of total chromium and Hg(II) were 2-3 and 5, respectively. At strong acidic pH, Cr(VI) was adsorbed by ion exchange mechanism and after adsorption reduced to Cr(III) and remained on MOC surface. Hg(II) removal was achieved by complexation of $HgCl_2$ with deprotonated amine ($-NH_2$) and carboxyl (COO-) groups of MOC.

• Carbon letters
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2002

The two-step surface modifications of activated carbon was carried out to improve the adsorption capacity of toxic heavy metal ions in liquid phase. Physical and chemical properties of the as-received activated carbon (AC) and two kinds of surface-modified activated carbons ($1^{st}AC$ and $2^{nd}AC$) were evaluated through the BET analysis, surface acidity, and oxides measurements. Specific surface area and pore volume did not significantly change, but surface oxide-group remarkably increased by the surface modification. Equilibrium and batch adsorptions of the various metals, such as Pb, Cd, and Cr, using AC, $1^{st}AC$, and $2^{nd}AC$ were performed at initial pH 5. The adsorption capacity and rate of $2^{nd}AC$ were higher than those of AC and $1^{st}AC$. The carboxylic/sodium carboxylate complex groups were developed from the two-step surface modification of activated carbon, which strongly affected the adsorption of metal ions.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.217-230
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• 2014

The large quantity of green cull bananas has the potential of being used industrially and, thereby, to improve banana economics and eliminate the large environmental problem presented by banana waste. Wastewaters from textile, cosmetics, printing, dying, food colouring, and paper-making industries are polluted by dyes. The adsorption of basic dye by waste banana pith was investigated by varying dye concentrations, adsorbent dose, particle size and agitation rate. The adsorption capacity was found to be maximum value of removal by using 0.1 g of sorbent with particle size 1mm at mixing speed 200 rpm for initial concentration 25 mg/l to reach value of approximate 89%. The Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich adsorption models were used for mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium and it was found that experimental data fitted very well to these models except Langmuir model. Adsorption of dye was applied on (pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics), and the experimental data was more fitted to pseudo second order. The results of this study showed that banana pith could be employed as effective and low-cost materials for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.37-42
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• 2018

The use of fly ash in construction materials is increasing worldwide due the various advantages of using it, such as to produce durable concrete, or to use less cement and thus lower carbon dioxide emissions. The quality of fly ash is often determined by loss on ignition value (LOI), where an upper limit of LOI is set in each country for quality control purpose. However, due to many reasons, production of high LOI fly ash is increasing that cannot be utilized in concrete, ending up in landfill. In this study, the effect of fly ash use in cementitious materials on nitrogen oxides adsorption is examined. In particular, the effect of using high LOI, and thus high carbon content fly ash on nitrogen oxides adsorption is investigated. The results suggest that the higher carbon content fly ash is related to higher nitrogen dioxide adsorption, although normal fly ash was also more effective in nitrogen dioxide adsorption than ordinary portland cement. Also, higher replacement rate of up to 40% of fly ash is beneficial for nitrogen dioxide adsorption. These results demonstrate that high carbon fly ash can be used as construction materials in an environmentally friendly way where strength requirement is low and where nitrogen oxides emissions are high.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.566-573
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• 2012

This study examined the removal rate of heavy metals from synthetic control water using red mud and lime stone. Overall, the percent of absorption obtained in this study for the red mud treatment was 94.0% ($Pb^{2+}$), 67.1% ($As^{3+}$), 37.5% ($Cu^{2+}$), and 36.6% ($Cr^{6+}$), while that of lime stone was $Pb^{2+}$ (30.8%), $Cu^{2+}$ (16.5%), $Cr^{6+}$ (11.5%), and $As^{3+}$ (8.9%). The kinetic data presented that the slow course of adsorption follows the Pseudo first and second order models, the equilibriuim adsorption of $Cr^{6+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ obeys Freundlich isotherm model, while the adsorption of $Cu^{2+}$ obeys only Langmuir model. The results also showed that adsorption rate slightly increased with increasing pH from 5 to 9. Interestingly, this trend is similar to results obtained as function of loading amount of red mud. Meanwhile, an unit adsorption rate was slightly decreased. For lime stone, it did not much change in adsorption as function of treatment amount. Consequently, it was concluded that the absorbents can be successfully used the removal of the heavy metals from the aqueous solutions.