• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권10호
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• pp.417-423
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• 2013

Vitamin D is an essential component of bone and mineral metabolism; its deficiency causes growth retardation and skeletal deformities in children and osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults. Hypovitaminosis D (vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency) is observed not only in adults but also in infants, children, and adolescents. Previous studies suggest that sufficient serum vitamin D levels should be maintained in order to enhance normal calcification of the growth plate and bone mineralization. Moreover, emerging evidence supports an association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and immune function, respiratory diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, infection, allergy, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases in pediatric and adolescent populations. The risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in the pediatric population are season (winter), insufficient time spent outdoors, ethnicity (non-white), older age, more advanced stage of puberty, obesity, low milk consumption, low socioeconomic status, and female gender. It is recommended that all infants, children, and adolescents have a minimum daily intake of 400 IU ($10{\mu}g$) of vitamin D. Since the vitamin D status of the newborn is highly related to maternal vitamin D levels, optimal vitamin D levels in the mother during pregnancy should be maintained. In conclusion, given the important role of vitamin D in childhood health, more time spent in outdoor activity (for sunlight exposure) and vitamin D supplementation may be necessary for optimal health in infants, children, and adolescents.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.92-103
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prepare basic data for education and policy proposals related to enhancement of happiness by identifying factors affecting the subjective happiness among Korean adolescents by family type. Methods: The study was a secondary analysis using the raw data of the 16th Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2020). A complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors affecting adolescent happiness by family type. Results: As a result, the factors that commonly affect the subjective happiness of adolescents for all family types were identified as economic status, academic performance, perceived stress, and loneliness. Additional factors that affect the subjective happiness of adolescents of both Korean two-parent and single parent families were sleep and subjective health status. Financial assistance, number of toilets, breakfast, exercise, depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt were also reported for Korean two-parent families. Conclusion: This study provided empirical basic data for enhancing adolescent happiness in consideration of priority targets and family composition characteristics by identifying factors affecting subjective happiness by family type. Adolescent happiness is a factor that should be actively pursued at home, school, and society, and it should be the goal of education for holistic growth of students.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.88-102
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• 1992

The exact estimation of physical growth by Obesity level has important meaning to the health care and evaluation on adolescent girls. So this study tried to clear the relationship between weight and body fat by using data for the height, weight of 124 elementary school children and high school student in Seoul. Then this study tried to show the physical growth pattern and various characteristics by Obesity level by using longitudinal for the height, weight of 1113 high school students in Seoul, and it also tried to show what influencing factors on the physical growth of this aged population. The result could be summarized as follows. 1. The relationship between weight and body fat(%) has 0.81475(r) at age 9 and 0.69361(r) at age 18. Also the relationship between weight and lean body muscle(LBM %) has -0.81470(r) at age 9 and -0.64729(r) at age 18. 2. The weakness, normal and obesity groups were classified by Obesity level. In case of weakness group showed the very low Obesity level at age 8 to 11, in case of obesity group showed the high Obesity level at age 15 to 18. Also Rohrer index was decreasing tendency up to age 12 in weakness group and increasing tendency over age 14 in obesity group. 3. When the height and weight growth pattern was compared, height growth was superior to weight growth at age 9 to 14.5 in normal group. But weight growth was inferior to height growth at age 9 to 14.5 in normal group. In obesity group, weight growth was superior to height growth at age 7 to 18. On the other hand the height growth of weakness group was superior to the normal group and the obesity group except age 11 to 12. 4. On height velocity curve by PHV age obesity group showed the most growth amount per year(9.00Cm/yr), and the next is normal group(8.77Cm/yr), weakness group(8.70Cm/yr). Then the difference between PHV age and PWV age was within 1 year in these three groups. 5. In these three groups, height velocity curve by menarcheal age showed the PHV before 2~3 years of menarcheal age. And weight velocity curve by menarcheal age showed the remarkable PWV before 1 year of menarcheal age.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1994

성인기 우울증의 생물학적인 연구는 25년 이상의 역사를 가지고 있으나, 소아 또는 청소년기 우울증에 있어서의 생물학적인 연구는 아직 초보 단계이다. 그러나 현재까지 연구된 바에 의하면, 결론을 내리기는 시기 상조이나, 소아 또는 청소년기의 우울증에 있어서도 생물학적인 이상소견이 원인의 일부로 작용할 가능성은 크다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 생물학적 소견은 연령이나 사춘기의 변화가 소아 또는 청년기의 우울증의 생물학적인 이상 소견과 관계가 있을 가능성이 크다. 성인기내에서도 나이에 따라서 생물학적인 이상 소견이 다르게 나타날 수 있기 때문에 성인의 연령도 구분하여야 할 필요성이 강조된다. 따라서 성인기에서의 연구가 소아 또는 청소년기의 생물학적인 소견을 이해하는데 있어서 도움이 되기는 하지만, 소아 또는 청소년기의 생물학적인 소견을 해석할 때에는 반드시 성장, 발달, 연령 및 사춘기의 변화를 고려하여야 한다. 이러한 소견을 이해하는데 있어서는 정상 아동에 있어서의 신경전달물질계 및 수용체의 개체발생적인 과정이 반드시 밝혀져야 한다. 발달학적인 측면에서의 신경생물학적인 연구, 이와 행동상의 특징과의 상호관계가 규명되어야 하며, 이에는 동물실험 모델의 개발이 필수적이다. 왜냐 하면, 윤리적인 문제로 아동들을 연구하는데 있어서 많은 제한점이 있기 때문이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권12호
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• pp.1327-1336
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• 2009

Increasing numbers of children and adolescents prefer undertaking physical exercise to overcome overweight or obesity. Children and adolescents are in the growth stage and require adequate nutrient supply. More calories and nutrients are required especially when they are engaged in physical exercise. Exercise is the only means to increase lean body mass and decrease body fat, but adequate nutrient supply is also essential. Lack of adequate nutrient supply causes muscle mass loss, menstruation irregularity, reduced bone density, fatigue, or frequent injury in children undertaking physical exercise. Here, I have introduced some guidelines on the nutrient requirement for child and adolescent athletes.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.345-359
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• 2004

Self-efficacy is an important variable determining adolescents' behavior. This study was designed to develope a program for improving teens' self-efficacy. The goal of this program was as follows: (1) to improve self-efficacy by enlarge self-knowledge through in- depth search of one's own inner world, (2) to correct one's inferiority impeding one's inner growth, (3) to improve self-efficacy in family relationship, peer relationship, and academic achievement areas. This program consisted of total 6 sessions, supplemented with interpersonal relationships regarding positive family functioning and the impact of peer groups which were found out in recent researches. Specific strategies such as verbal persuasion, mastery experience, vicarious experience and affective arousal were used.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2012

Early detection and intervention is critical in improving prognosis of developmental disorders. Developmental delay can have many different causes and the clinical features of developmental delay are diverse according to its etiologic causes and severity. The vast and rapid growth of the child's neurobehavioral repertoire from birth through adolescence requires the physician's abundant experience, knowledge, and understanding of development. Here, we summarize instruments for use in neurodevelopmental assessment of infants and toddlers, focusing on motor development, which is the most frequent complaint listed in the developmental clinic.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.150-160
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• 2007

The school system of fisheries high school was proper to specialist objective school system in order to training for expert human resource development.Training a field of human resources development from fisheries high school is fallow; fisheries production, seamen's training, ship engine and refrigerator, marine electronic telecommunication and information, fisheries foods production and fisheries foods production and distribution, fishery fisheries self-management, marine distribution, management and conservation of marine environment, safety and marine prevention of disasters, apparatus of marine development, under water area development.A new department opening and each department was revised toward to department name and department character. The unit-lesson hour of curriculum according to specialist objective school system of fisheries and marine highschool was revised. professional subject 98 unit-lesson hour(52%), normality subject 90 unit-lesson hour(48%), and educational activity of professional subject 10unit-lesson hour, total training activity 10 unit-lesson hour. And the special objective school system need to revise curriculum of 208 total unit-lesson hour.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.306-311
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• 2023

A 13-year-old male was diagnosed with a glenoid fracture following direct shoulder trauma, for which surgical treatment was considered. After referral to a center for pediatric orthopedic care, physical examination, contralateral shoulder X-ray, and detailed computed tomography examination ruled out the presence of fracture; these findings were later confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Normal ossification patterns in the adolescent shoulder may simulate a fracture in traumatic settings. To accurately diagnose and manage pediatric shoulder pathology, orthopedic surgeons must be aware of the normal anatomy of the growing shoulder, its secondary ossification centers, and growth plates.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2023

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of musculoskeletal disorders that encompass symptoms caused by abnormalities of the craniofacial structures of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), muscles involved in the masticatory system, and other related tissues or structures. Although TMDs can occur at any age, research on the prevalence, epidemiology, and treatment strategies of TMDs has been conducted in all age groups, but primarily in adults. Unlike adults, children and adolescents are in a period of cognitive and physical development. Because of this growth potential, children respond better to TMD treatment than adults do. However, clinicians must remember that chronic pain and growth abnormalities can occur if the patient's symptoms and signs are not accurately diagnosed and treated. This article reviews the growth and development of the craniofacial region, including the TMJ, and discusses considerations when diagnosing and treating TMDs in children and adolescents.