• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to establish postharvest management techniques including a temperature pre-conditioning protocol for maintaining fruit quality in newly developed early-season Korean pear cultivar 'Hanareum' (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). The fruits were treated with three different pre-conditioning temperatures (21, 25, or $29^{\circ}C$) for 4 days according to the harvest time (103 or 110 days after full bloom, DAFB). The percent weight loss was relatively low in the fruits subjected to low pre-conditioning temperature regardless of harvest time. The firmness of the fruits treated with pre-conditioning at $21^{\circ}C$ remained high during 20 days of simulated marketing at $25^{\circ}C$, although all treated fruits showed a general decline of firmness with extended time of simulated marketing. These fruits also showed higher appearance and a lower incidence of mealiness disorder symptoms. During the experimental periods, the production of ethylene was lower in the fruits pre-conditioned at $21^{\circ}C$ in comparison with those of treated at 25 and $29^{\circ}C$. High respiration rates were obvious in the fruits pre-conditioned at high temperature ($29^{\circ}C$), especially in the optimum-harvested fruits, where respiration was approximately two times higher than that of fruits exposed to $21^{\circ}C$ during pre-conditioning. However, the respiration rate was similar during simulated marketing at $25^{\circ}C$ regardless of harvest time. These results demonstrated that temperature pre-conditioning at $21^{\circ}C$ is a simple and effective postharvest technique for summer harvested Korean pear cultivars including 'Hanareum'.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.288-296
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• 2011

To clarify the seed germination characteristics among cultivated Perilla crop and their weedy types in Korea, we studied the germination percent and germination energy of 162 accessions (102 cultivated var. frutescens, 41 weedy var. frutescens, and 19 weedy var. crispa) in both conditions of $4^{\circ}C$ low temperature treatment and non-cold treatment. In our study, most accessions of cultivated var. frutescens showed more than 50% in both germination percent and germination energy in both cold and non-cold treatment conditions. Whereas, most accessions of weedy var. frutescens and weedy var. crispa showed lower than 50% in both germination percent and germination energy in both cold and non-cold treatment. In addition, most accessions of Perilla crop and their weedy types showed much higher germination percent and germination energy in $4^{\circ}C$ low temperature treatment condition compared to the seeds under non-cold treatment condition. The information provided in this research may help for our understanding the variation of seed germination characteristics among accessions of cultivated Perilla crop and their weedy types in Korea.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 2008

An Oriental lily cultivar 'Pacific Wave' was released in 2007 at National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon, Korea. The crossing was made in 1999 between Oriental lily 'Simplon', an outward-facing and white colored cultivar, and 'Spinoza', pink colored cultivar. The first selection was done in 2003 with a line of 'O-03-16'. Multiplication and bulb growth, and performance test was conducted from 2004 to 2006. This selection was later on given as 'Pacific Wave' in 2007 at NHRI. Flowering time of 'Pacific Wave' in plastics house culture is mid June and grows average 115 cm. Flowers are upward-facing with 20.1 cm in diameter and white with yellow centered (RHS W155C + Y9A). Mean petal length and width is 12.2 cm and 4.2 cm, respectively. Leaves are 12.3 cm long, 2.9 cm wide. The throat color is green. It shows gray and purple stigma, and red brown pollen. The weight and size of bulb is 82.5 g and 19.6 cm, respectively. Year-round flowering can be by storing the bulb under -1 to $-2^{\circ}C$ conditions. It is necessary to add calcium to the fertilizer or remove side scales to prevent leaf scorch. It is needed to control Botrytis disease in summer wet season.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.1-24
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• 2014

This study uses geo-spatial crop modeling to quantify the biophysical impact of weather extremes. More specifically, the study analyzes the weather extreme which affected maize production in the USA in 2012; it also estimates the effect of a similar weather extreme in 2050, using future climate scenarios. The secondary impact of the weather extreme on food security in the developing world is also assessed using trend analysis. Many studies have reported on the significant reduction in maize production in the USA due to the extreme weather event (combined heat wave and drought) that occurred in 2012. However, most of these studies focused on yield and did not assess the potential effect of weather extremes on food prices and security. The overall goal of this study was to use geo-spatial crop modeling and trend analysis to quantify the impact of weather extremes on both yield and, followed food security in the developing world. We used historical weather data for severe extreme events that have occurred in the USA. The data were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In addition we used five climate scenarios: the baseline climate which is typical of the late 20th century (2000s) and four future climate scenarios which involve a combination of two emission scenarios (A1B and B1) and two global circulation models (CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC 3.2). DSSAT 4.5 was combined with GRASS GIS for geo-spatial crop modeling. Simulated maize grain yield across all affected regions in the USA indicates that average grain yield across the USA Corn Belt would decrease by 29% when the weather extremes occur using the baseline climate. If the weather extreme were to occur under the A1B emission scenario in the 2050s, average grain yields would decrease by 38% and 57%, under the CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC 3.2 global climate models, respectively. The weather extremes that occurred in the USA in 2012 resulted in a sharp increase in the world maize price. In addition, it likely played a role in the reduction in world maize consumption and trade in 2012/13, compared to 2011/12. The most vulnerable countries to the weather extremes are poor countries with high maize import dependency ratios including those countries in the Caribbean, northern Africa and western Asia. Other vulnerable countries include low-income countries with low import dependency ratios but which cannot afford highly-priced maize. The study also highlighted the pathways through which a weather extreme would affect food security, were it to occur in 2050 under climate change. Some of the policies which could help vulnerable countries counter the negative effects of weather extremes consist of social protection and safety net programs. Medium- to long-term adaptation strategies include increasing world food reserves to a level where they can be used to cover the production losses brought by weather extremes.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2015

The present study aimed to investigate comparative anti-inflammatory effects of Litsea japonica fruit and leaf extract considering the balance of safety and efficacy. Dose response studies were performed to determine the inhibitory effects of 70% EtOH extract of leaf (L70%) on the pro-inflammatory enzymes expression, COX-2/PGE2 and NO/iNOS, and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. We also examined comparative effects of 30 and 70% EtOH extract of fruits (F30% and F70%) at low concentration ($10{\mu}g/ml$ ) in the same conditions. L70% at 50 and $100{\mu}g/ml$ showed inhibitory effects on almost all the inflammatory mediators we examined except for COX-2 regulation, but there were no effects at $10{\mu}g/ml$. Since $100{\mu}g/ml$ of L70% have 18.2% cytotoxicity, we compared the effects of fruit extract, F30% and F70% at $10{\mu}g/ml$ on the regulation of NO/iNOS, PGE2, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ and obtained that fruit extacts are more efficacious and safe than leaf. This study suggests that the 30% EtOH fraction of L. japonica fruit could be a good candidate for development as a functional food supplement in the prevention of inflammatory disorders.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 1989

The results of the investigation on the effects of plant nutrio-physiological status and reemergence of sudden wilting in rice on the occurrence of sudden wilting were summarized as follows: 1. The occurrence of sudden wilting, degree of damage and occurring time in the investigated variety showed to concur with the results of the previous experiment. 2. Nitrogen and Potassium contents in leaves related an occurrence of sudden wilting at heading stage have a very high negative co-relation (the value is -0.9224 at Yushin and -0.8243 at Milyang 23). 3. Regarding the relation between occurrence of sudden wilting and root activity capacity at the late growth stage, the root activity capacity at productive growth stage showed higher than at reproductive growth stage, which is the same in the two varieties but Milyang 23 is higher than Yushin. It is confirmed that root activity capacity in the two varieties has become very low at reproductive growth stage. 4. The toot activity capacity in the field with potassium showed a small occurrence of sudden wilting and the root activity capacity in the field with no potassium showed a very high co-relation value (the value is 0.8947 at Yushin and 0.7301 at Milyang 23). 5. Regarding the relation between the occurrence of sudden wilting and water evaporation quantity, water evaporation quantity after the heading date has a more direct relation to sudden wilting than that which occurrs prior to the heading date. Water evaporation quantity is higher in the field with no potassium, low leaves and Yushin, than in the field with potassium high leaves and Milyang 23. 6. The starch content in culm of Yushin and Milyang 23 at ripening stage showed high value in proportion to potassium quantity, and the starch content is lower as internode is lower. However, in fourth internode, the starch content is greatly increased in the field with potassium contrasted to the field with no potassium.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

To characterize the growth environment, inorganic composition and morphological chracteristics of leaves of Korean tea plant, soil and tea leaf samples were collected from 15 locations and analyzed. The chemical characteristics of soils were in range of pH 4.09~6.15, OM 23.9~72.6g/kg, available phosphate less than 300mg/kg, K $0.8{\sim}2.5cmol^+/kg$, Na $tr{\sim}0.17cmol^+/kg$, Ca $1.0{\sim}6.2cmol^+/kg$, and Mg $0.3{\sim}2.1cmol^+/kg$. The contents of Ni. Cr, Zn. Cu, Pb, and Cd were at the level less than natural content in upland soil. Most of the sample soils were sandy loamy and loamy texture. The native tea plants were mainly grown in bamboo thicket or in forest. The leaf sizes of tea plants were $6.85{\pm}1.75{\times}2.6{\pm}0.5cm$, lateral vein number $14.2{\pm}2.7$, and crenated number $58.5{\pm}11.2$, and the leaf color was thin to dark green. The contents of $NH_4{^+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ in tea leaves were in range of 30.5~47.7, 45.5~164.5, 16,998~25,431, 1.590~2,392 and 1,085~1,958mg/kg, respectively. The contents of $F^-$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ were in range of 21.2~63.2, 126.4~257.9, 108.5~185.9, 1,270~1.819, and $954{\sim}1,670mg/kg$, respectively. The leaf size of native tea plant grown widlly in Shunchun Changchun-ri, Hwasun Ssangbongsa, Kuryoi Chonunsa, Bosong Daewonsa and Namhae Boriam was as large as those of Yabukita. Japan cultiver, grown at Kangjin Jangwon tea field.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.163-179
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• 2003

Multifunctionality of agriculture which is not traded on the market now has been an important international issue in that it environmental and public benefits. We carried out to modify and to update the function of upland farming on flood prevention and fostering water resources. Economic values of environmental benefits were evaluated by replacement cost methods. Models to evaluate the function of preventing flood were selected as: (1)precipitation(flood-inducing) - runoff(A), (2) soil depth ${\times}$ soil air phase, (3) precipitation (flood-inducing) - runoff(B), (4) soil depth ${\times}$ effective porosity of soil. Models to estimate the function of fostering water resources were (1) saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) ${\times}$ duration of saturation(days) ${\times}$ (1-ratio of water flow directly into river), (2) precipitation ${\times}$ ratio of water fostered by rain resources ${\times}$ (area of upland/total land area), and (3) soil water retention quantity(under standing crop or tree) - SWRQ(in bare soil). Function of preventing flood was $883Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of water per year and 645 million Mg for the whole upland area. Function of fostering water resources was $94.1Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of water per year and 69 million Mg for the whole upland area. The value of flood-preventing function evaluated by replacement cost methods was estimated 1,428 billion won per year as compared to the cost for dam construction. The value of water resource fostering were estimated 8.6 billion won in the price of living water.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2009

Detailed information on soil characteristics is of great importance for the use and conservation of soil resources that are essential for human welfare and ecosystem sustainability. This paper introduces soil inventory of Korea focusing on national soil database establishment, information systems, use, and future direction for natural resources management. Different scales of soil maps surveyed and soil test data collected by RDA (Rural Development Administration) were computerized to construct digital soil maps and database. Soil chemical properties and heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils including vulnerable agricultural soils were investigated regularly at fixed sampling points. Internet-based information systems for soil and agro-environmental resources were developed based on 'National Soil Survey Projects' for managing soil resources and for providing soil information to the public, and 'Agroenvironmental Change Monitoring Project' to monitor spatial and temporal changes of agricultural environment will be opened soon. Soils data has a great potential of further application in estimation of soil carbon storage, water capacity, and soil loss. Digital mapping of soil and environment using state-of-the-art and emerging technologies with a pedometrics concept will lead to future direction.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.60-77
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• 2021

From 2007 to 2011, four Goryeo Dynasty vessels, namely the Taean treasure ship, Taean Mado Shipwreck No.1, No.2, No.3 were discovered in Taean area, Chungcheongnam-do province. From the shipwrecks, 175 pieces of mokkan (wooden tablet) were excavated. These mokkans are the only case of Goryeo Dynasty and represent the unique usage of mokkan as cargo tags, after the paper replaced the wooden tablets as writing materials. The Taean mokkans provide details, such as the year, recipient, port of origin, types of the cargo, quantity and unit, the name of the responsible person for shipment. Thus, they enable us to speculate about the characteristics of the cargo. Furthermore, through studying the writing style, form, material and manufacturing method, researchers can extract which form and characteristics were favored at that time. The Taean mokkans have no preset style for writing. Therefore, they can be written selectively and freely. And since the mokkan were attached to cargos, mokkans with furrows on upper side were favored, and efficiency and simplification of the manufacturing process were priorities in making mokkans. The Taean mokkans can be compared to those from the Shinan ship and the Quanzhou ship because those are of the same era and use. On the writing styles and information, Chinese mokkans are focused on the cargo owners, while The Taean mokkan includes more detailed information, such as the recipients. In forms, Chinese mokkans have maximum thickness of 1.0 centimeter and have pointed edges in lower parts, while mokkans from Taean do not have fixed thickness or edges. Furthermore, Chinese mokkans and Korean mokkans have different styles from manufacturing methods and material selections. These differences between Chinese and Goryeo mokkan are related to the differences between littoral-transport Goryeo ships and ocean-transport Chinese ships, such as shipping distances, types of cargo, shipping systems, packing methods, and transport operators. At the moment, because there are only small amount of data and materials of Chinese mokkan, comparative studies regarding Goryeo and Chinese mokkan can only be fragmentary. However, this article can be a base from which to expand the scope of Goryeo mokkan studies.