• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological characteristics and anti-obesity effects of E. faecalis MD366 isolated from raw milk. E. faecalis MD366 inhibited lipase activity ($65.0{\pm}0.9%$) and differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes ($27.4{\pm}1.4%$) at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$ ($10^8CFU/g$ E. faecalis MD366). The optimum growth temperature of E. faecalis MD366 was $37^{\circ}C$. Among 16 tested antibiotics, E. faecalis MD366 demonstrated the highest sensitivity to novobiocin and the highest resistance to neomycin, kanamycin, and vancomycin. The strain also showed high acid phosphatase activity. Moreover, E. faecalis was relatively tolerant to bile juice and acid, and displayed high resistance to Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus (80.4%, 60.2%, and 65.4%, respectively). These results demonstrate that E. faecalis MD366 can be potentially used as a probiotic with anti-obesity effects.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2022

Objectives: Adipogenesis is the process by which pre-adipocytes are differentiated into adipocytes. It also plays an important role in adipocyte formation and lipid accumulation. Ranunculus sceleratus (R. sceleratus) extracts are used for the treatment of various diseases such as hepatitis, jaundice, and tuberous lymphadenitis in oriental medicine. However, its effect on adipogenesis has not yet been studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of R. sceleratus on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Methods: Cells were treated with 50, 100, and 200 ㎍/ml of R. sceleratus and cell viability was evaluated. To differentiate the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, a 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin (MDI) solution were used. The accumulation of lipid droplets was determined by Oil Red O staining. The expression levels of adipogenesis-related proteins were also determined. Results: MDI solution differentiated the preadipocytes into adipocytes and accumulation of lipids was observed in the differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Interestingly, the amount of lipid droplets was reduced after R. sceleratus treatment. In addition, the expression levels of key adipogenic transcription factors, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins-𝛼 (C/EBP-𝛼) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-𝛾 (PPAR-𝛾) were also reduced after R. sceleratus treatment. Furthermore, R. sceleratus increased AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and decreased sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 expression. Conclusions: Our results showed that R. sceleratus reduced preadipocyte differentiation by inhibiting C/EBP-𝛼 and PPAR-𝛾 levels via the AMPK pathway. Therefore, we suggest that R. sceleratus may be potentially used as an anti-adipogenic agent.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

Objectives: Noni fruit juice (NFJ) is liquor extracted from Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit and has been used as an herbal remedy in many countries. However, the NFJ's anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on adipocytes are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the commercially standardized NFJ effects on lipid accumulation throughout 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: Cellular lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were assessed subsequently via the Oil Red O staining and AdipoRed assay. MTS assay was used to examine NFJ cytotoxicity in (differentiating) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to measure the expression levels of target protein and mRNA in (differentiating) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, respectively. Results: NFJ treatment at 150 μL/mL led to a substantial reduction of fat accumulation and TG content during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis with no discernable impact on the cell viability. Of note, while NFJ treatment (150 μL/mL) largely inhibited the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPAR-β) protein expressions, it did not influence PPAR-γ in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Of interest, treatment with IL-1β at 20 ng/mL for 4 hours elicited in firm induction of iNOS mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. However, NFJ treatment at 100 or 200 μL/mL greatly attenuated the IL-1β-induced iNOS mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Conclusions: NFJ has anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on (differentiating) 3T3-L1 preadipocytes which are in part intervened via control of the expression of C/EBP-α, PPAR-β, and iNOS.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.423-428
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• 2009

Selenium was investigated using human origin preadipocytes to see whether it possesses preventive or therapeutic effects for obesity. Unveiling the potential of selenium in the reduction of adipogenesis can help predict the therapeutic capabilities of selenium in obesity. In the present study, the molecular mechanism of the inhibition of adipogenesis by selenium was explored to unravel the involvement of the AMP-activated protein kinase. There is emerging evidence that AMPK, a sensor of cellular energy status, is a possible molecular target of controlling adipocyte differentiation on the basis of discovery that AMPK is responsible for the major metabolic responses to exercise, and integration of nutritional and hormonal signals to modulate feeding behavior or energy expenditure in the hypothalamus. Treatment of selenium resulted in inhibition of the adipocyte differentiation process and induction of mature apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We hypothesized that selenium may exert anti-adipogenic potential though modulating AMPK. We have found that selenium significantly activated AMPK and phosphorylated its substrate acetyl-CoA carboxylase ($ACC-serine^{79}$) during the inhibitory process of adipocytes. Also, the inhibition process of adipocyte differentiation by selenium was comparable to either reveratrol or a synthetic AMPK activator, AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-${\beta}$-D-ribofuranoside). To evaluate the involvement of AMPK in anti-lipogensis, we applied AICAR and Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, to 3T3-L1-adipocytes and found that AMPK is required for the adipocyte differentiation blocking process. These results suggest that selenium has a potential to control adipogenesis and that this effect is mediated by AMPK, an essential kinase for both inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and apoptosis of mature adipocytes.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.647-655
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• 2014

Obesity is strongly associated with several metabolic and chronic diseases and has become a major public health problem of worldwide concern. This study aimed to investigate the physiological characteristics and anti-obesity effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Q180. Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 was isolated from the faces of healthy adults and found to have a lipase inhibitory activity of $83.61{\pm}2.32%$ and inhibited adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells ($14.63{\pm}1.37%$) at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. The strain was investigated for its physiological characteristics. The optimum growth temperature of L. plantarum Q180 was $37^{\circ}C$. Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 showed higher sensitivity to novobiocin in a comparison of fifteen different antibiotics and showed the highest resistance to rifampicin, polymyxin B and vancomycin. The strain showed higher ${\beta}$-galactosidase and N-acetyl-${\beta}$-glucosaminidase activities. It also did not produce carcinogenic enzymes such as ${\beta}$-glucuronidase. The survival rate of L. plantarum Q180 in MRS broth containing 0.3% bile was 97.8%. Moreover, the strain showed a 97.2% survival rate after incubation for 3 h in pH 2.0. Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 was displayed resistance to Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus with rates of 55.6%, 38.0% and 47.6%, respectively. These results demonstrate that L. plantarum Q180 has potential as a probiotic with anti-obesity effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1189-1196
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• 2013

Adipose tissue development and function play a critical role in the regulation of energy balance, lipid metabolism, and the pathophysiology of metabolic syndromes. Although the effect of zinc ascorbate supplementation in diabetes or glycemic control is known in humans, the underlying mechanism is not well described. Here, we investigated the effect of a zinc-chelated vitamin C (ZnC) compound on the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Treatment with ZnC for 8 d significantly promoted adipogenesis, which was characterized by increased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Meanwhile, ZnC induced a pronounced up-regulation of the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and the adipocyte-specific gene adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). Analysis of mRNA and protein levels further showed that ZnC increased the sequential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/$EBP{\alpha}$), the key transcription factors of adipogenesis. These results indicate that ZnC could promote adipogenesis through $PPAR{\gamma}$ and C/$EBP{\alpha}$, which act synergistically for the expression of aP2 and GLUT4, leading to the generation of insulin-responsive adipocytes and can thereby be useful as a novel therapeutic agent for the management of diabetes and related metabolic disorders.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.133-142
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenol, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of 80% ethanolic extract from Ixeris dentata Nakai(IDE) as well as to assess the lipid accumulation during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. The results demonstrated that the total phenolic and flavonoids contents of the IDE were $4.01{\pm}0.63$ GAE mg/g and $0.05{\pm}0.01$ RE mg/g, respectively. The antioxidative activities of the IDE were significantly increased in a dose dependent manner on DPPH(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, ABTS(2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt) radical scavenging, reducing power value. During adipocyte differentiation, IDE significantly inhibited lipid accumulation compared with the control cells. These results indicated that the anti-adipogenesis effect of Ixeris dentata Nakai could be attributed to phenolic compounds that may potentially inhibit ROS(reactive oxygen species) production.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.492-501
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• 2018

Obesity is a worldwide disease and one of the major risk factors. Virus among many factors can lead to obesity. Adenovirus 36 (Ad-36) is the adipogenic virus linked with human obesity. Nevertheless, there is no drug to treat both Ad-36 infection and obesity associated with virus. For the precedent study on anti-cholesterol test, Distylium racemosum (D. racemosum), Quercus salicina (Q. salicina) and Raphiolepis indica (R. indica) were selected. This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-cholesterol effects, anti-lipid effects and inhibition of Ad-36 replication from three extracts. D. racemosum ($50{\mu}g/mL$) inhibited lipid accumulation on 3T3-L1 adipocyte. D. racemosum inhibited adipocyte differentiation through suppression of regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) genes and adipocyte-specific genes such as adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). D. racemosum inhibited replication of Ad-36 at $50{\mu}g/mL$ of concentration. Therefore, the extract of D. racemosum could be a candidate for development of anti-Ad-36 and anti-obesity drugs.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Ephedrae Herba pharmacopuncture (EHP) on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, lipolysis in rat epididymal adipocytes and histological changes in porcine adipose tissue. Methods : Inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation and/or stimulation of lipolysis play important roles in reducing obesity. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated with adipogenic reagents by incubating for 3 days in the absence or presence of EHP ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$. The effect of EHP on adipogenesis was examined by measuring glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and by oil red O staining. Mature adipocytes from rat epididymal fat pad were incubated with EHP ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$ for 3 days. The effect of EHP on lipolysis was examined by measuring free glycerol released. Fat tissue from porcine skin was injected with EHP ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 $mg/m{\ell}$ to examine the effect of EHP on histological changes under light microscopy. Results : The following results were obtained from present study on adipogenesis of preadipocytes, lipolysis of adipocytes and histological changes in fat tissue. Proliferation of preadipocytes was significantly inhibited by EHP at the concentration of 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$. Lipolysis of adipocytes was increased by EHP at the concentration of 0.1, 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$. Porcine fat tissues were widely injured by EHP at the concentration of 10.0 $mg/m{\ell}$. Conclusions : From the above results, EHP efficiently induces inhibition of preadipocytes proliferation, lipolysis of adipocytes and histologic injury in fat tissues. Therefore, EHP may be useful to treat localized obesity.

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.183-183
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : Cartilage reconstruction is one of medical issue in otolaryngology. Tissue engineering is presently being utilized in part of cartilage repair. Sources of cells for tissue engineering are chondrocyte from mature cartilage and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that are able to differentiate into chondrocyte. Recent studies have shown that adipose tissue have mesenchymal stem cells which can differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic myogenic osteogenic cells and neural cell in vitro. In this study, we have examined chondrogenic potential of the canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell(ATSC). Materials and Methods : We harvested canine adipose tissue from inguinal area. ATSCs were enzymatically released from canine adipose tissue. Under appropriate culture conditions, ATSCs were induced to differentiate into the chondrocyte lineages using micromass culture technique. We used immunostain to type II collagen and toluidine blue stain to confirm chondrogenic differentiation of ATSCs. Results : We could isolate ATSCs from canine adipose tissue. ATSCs expressed CD29 and CD44 which are specific surface markers of mesenchymal stem cell. ATSCs differentiated into micromass that has positive response to immunostain of type II collagen and toluidine blue stain. Conclusion : In vitro, ATSCs differentiated into cells that have characteristic cartilage matrix molecules in the presence of lineage-specific induction factors. Adipose tissue may represent an alternative source to bone marrow-derived MSCs.