• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.804-819
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• 2003

It has been known that adenine is a very important material in living cells. Because, adenine is a member of nucleotide base, so it takes part in DNA, RNA and ATP synthesis. There are many reports that adenine participated in ingredients, especially DNA, RNA, NADH and ATP, affect on the cell. As well adenosine, conjugated adenine to glycoside, was known to anti-wrinkle compound. But there is no report whether adenine shows a good effect on the skin, especially anti-wrinkle. So, in this study, we tested whether adenine affects cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, collagenase synthesis inhibition in human dermal fibroblasts. In addition, we performed clinical study with adenine cream. Cell proliferation effect was tested by MTT assay. Collagen and collagenase synthesis were measured by Immunoassay with ELISA kit. Clinical study was performed by IECK according to KFDA Functional Cosmetic method. The results of cell proliferation show that 10$^{-6}$ ~10$^{-8}$ ％ of adenine increases cell proliferation about 50 ％ compare with non-treated control. At 10$^{-7}$ ~10$^{-10}$ ％, adenine increases type I collagen synthesis about 50％, decreases type I collagenase about 22％ compare with non-treated control. The results of clinical study show that 0.05％ adenine treated group reduces wrinkle significantly compare with placebo treated group. Therefore adenine may be a new anti-wrinkle candidate, through increases cell proliferation and collagen synthesis dramatically. And it decreases collagenase synthesis. So adenine could be used as a new anti-wrinkle agent.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2020

Adenine, a purine base, is a structural component of essential biomolecules such as nucleic acids and adenine nucleotides. Its physiological roles have been uncovered. Adenine suppresses IgE-mediated allergy and LPS-induced inflammation. Although adenine is known to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, the effect of adenine to melamoma cells is not reported. Here, we investigated the growth inhibitory effects of adenine on B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. Adenine suppressed the proliferation of B16-F10 cells in dose-dependent manner with the maximal inhibitory dose of 2 mM. Adenine treatment induced cell death molecular markers such as PARP and caspase 3 cleavages. Pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD dramatically rescued the cell death molecular markers, cell proliferation recovered marginally. These results provide the possibility of adenine to be used as an anti-tumor agent.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1985

The charge-transfer complexing properties of 1-methyl nicotinamide (MNA), an acceptor, and adenine, a donor, were investigated in water and SDS micellar solutions in relation to the intramolecular interaction in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ($NAD^+$). The spectral and thermodynamic parameters of MNA-indole and methyl viologen-adenine complex formations were determined, and the data were utilized to evaluate the charge-transfer abilities of MNA and adenine. The electron affinity of nicotinamide was estimated to be 0.28 eV from charge-transfer energy $of{\sim}300$ nm for MNA-indole. The large enhancement of MNA-indole complexation in SDS solutions by entropy effect was attributed to hydrophobic nature of indole. The complex between adenine and methyl viologen showed an absorption band peaked near 360 nm. The ionization potential of adenine was evaluated to be 8.28 eV from this. The much smaller enhancement of charge-transfer interaction involving adenine than that of indole in SDS solutions was attributed to weaker hydrophobic nature of the donor. The charge-transfer energy of 4.41 eV (280 nm) was estimated for nicotinamide-adenine complex. The spectral behaviors of $NAD^+$ were accounted to the presence of intramolecular interaction in $NAD^+$, which is only slightly enhanced in SDS solutions. The replacement of nicotinamide-adenine interaction in $NAD^+$ by intermolecular nicotinamide-indole interaction in enzyme bound $NAD^+$, and guiding role of adenine moiety in $NAD^+$ were discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.260-264
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• 1997

This study was conducted with adult cockerels to determine whether dietary RNA affects feed intake and renal weight and function, and if the responses are similar to dietary adenine. Chickens were ad libitum fed a RNA diet (100 g/kg) or an adenine diet (9.1 g/kg) for 14 d and catheterized in right jugular vein, hepatic portal vein and both urethers, and saline together with para-amino hippuric acid and sodium thiosulfate was continuously infused into them to evaluate renal functions. Dietary RNA reduced feed intake and body weight, and dietary adenine increased kidney weight expressed as a proportion of body weight (P < 0.05). Feed intake and body weight on the adenine diet and kidney weight on the RNA diet showed similar though non significant tendencies. No calculi were detected in the kidney in chickens fed either the RNA or adenine diets. Plasma inorganic phosphate (IP), Ca and 1,25 $(OH)_2$ vitamin $D_3$ concentrations were increased by dietary RNA and adenine, although the increases of IP and Ca in adenine-fed chickens were not significant. Uric acid and urea concentrations in the blood plasma were unaffected by dietary RNA or adenine. Both dietary RNA and adenine increased renal blood flow rates 3.5-3.7 fold, renal plasma flow rates 3.4-3.7 fold and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) 2.9-3.0 fold (p < 0.01). Clearance of urea, IP and Ca were also enhanced by dietary RNA, but not by dietary adenine. However, neither RNA nor adenine affected uric acid clearance. Only IP clearance was significantly augmented at the glomerular level by dietary RNA (p < 0.05). Glomerular filtration of uric acid, urea, IP and Ca and reabsorption of urea, IP and Ca at the renal tubule were increased by dietary RNA and adenine (p < 0.05), whereas tubular secretion of uric acid was decreased by both dietary treatments. It is concluded that dietary adenine is effective in changing renal function and P and Ca metabolism in chickens.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.379-389
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• 2018

A nucleobase adenine is a fundamental component of nucleic acids and adenine nucleotides. Various biological roles of adenine have been discovered. It is not produced from degradation of adenine nucleotides in mammals but produced mainly during polyamine synthesis by dividing cells. Anti-inflammatory roles of adenine have been supported in IgE-mediated allergic reactions, immunological functions of lymphocytes and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. However adenine effects on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of Gram negative bacteria, is not examined. Here we investigated anti-inflammatory roles of adenine in LPS-stimulated immune cells, including a macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMCs) and peritoneal cells in mice. In RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS, adenine inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 and inflammatory lipid mediators, prostaglandin $E_2$ and leukotriene $B_4$. Adenine impeded signaling pathways eliciting production of these inflammatory mediators. It suppressed $I{\kappa}B$ phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$), phosphorylation of Akt and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) JNK and ERK. Although adenine raised cellular AMP which could activate AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), the enzyme activity was not enhanced. In BMMCs, adenine inhibited the LPS-induced production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-13 and also hindered phosphorylation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and Akt. In peritoneal cavity, adenine suppressed the LPS-induced production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 by peritoneal cells in mice. These results show that adenine attenuates the LPS-induced inflammatory reactions.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.160-166
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• 1991

The regulatory mechanism of tubercidin biosynthesis in Streptomyces tubercidicus was studied. In a wild type strain, addition of adenine and histidine into the medium decreased the tubercidin production by 60-65% and 40%, respectively. The effects of adenine and histidine were alleviated by the addition of inosine monophosphate and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide. The production of tubercidin in S. tubercidicus K115 strain ($ade^{-}$ ) was nearly shut off by histidine. In contrast with K115 strain, adenine inhibited the tubercidin biosynthesis in S. tubercidicus K412 strain ($his^{-}$. In S. tubercidicus F667 strain ($ade^{-}$ , $his^{-}$ ), tubercidin production was increased by adenine and histidine. From the effects of adenine and histidine on tubercidin biosynthesis in S. tubercidicus wild type and mutant strains, it became known that feedback control by adenine and histidine of biosynthetic pathwat for purine ribonucleotide and histidine are involved in the regulation of tubercidin biosynthesis.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.504-508
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• 1991

In order to investigate whether the function of distal nephron is disturbed in adenine-induced renal failure rats, we measured the urinary kallikrein level in adenine-ingesting rats fed on 0.75% adenine diet for 1 to 10 days. Administration of 0.75% adenine to rats significantly increased blood urea nitrogen level and urine volume, while the level of kallikrein along with the urinary excretions of urea and inorganic phosphate were significantly decreased. From these results, it is suggested that adenine-induced renal failure is caused by early deterioration of distal nephron as well as proximal nephron.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.539-547
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• 1990

Molecular Orbital calculations using the SC-MEH method have been carried out for the interaction of Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine as DNA base and diaminecytosineplatinum(DCP) in various conformations. The results showed that the order of DCP binding to the DNA bases was guanine > adenine > cytosine and the stabilization energy of cis-isomer was larger than that of trans-isomer in the adenine-DCP complexes system. Furthermore, platinum(II) binding to DNA bases markedly gives rise to change of atomic charge in DNA bases ring, which can explain anti-tumor activity of platinum complex.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.201-205
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• 2023

Free adenine is mainly made during the polyamine synthesis in proliferating cells. Adenine molecule itself acts biological modulator in inflammation and cell death. In the previous report, we showed that adenine induces apoptotic cell death of B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells by eliciting of PARP and caspase 3 cleavages. In this study, we examined the adenine effect on other apoptotic molecules affecting caspase activation in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Adenine treatment make pro-apoptotic molecules active states. Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was increased and phosphorylation of mTOR and Akt was decreased in a dose dependent manner. These results showed the possibility that Bax/Bcl-2, Akt and mTOR are engaged in adenine induced apoptosis of melanoma cells.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.312-318
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• 1987

The apparent Michaelis constant Km of extracellular adenine deaminase from Streptomyces sp. J-350P was 5.8$\times$10$^{-5}$M. The activation energy or the enzyme was calculated from Arrhenius plots for adenine and the value was 3.13 Kcal/mole. The purine analogues, 6-chloropurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 6-bromopurine, 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine, 6-iodopurine, and 8-bromoadenine were substrates for the enzyme. 6-Dimethylaminopurine was a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. The enzyme was inhibited by 0.1mM of Fe$^{3+}$, Ag+, and Hg$^{2+}$ and 1 mM of $\alpha$, $\alpha$＇-dipyridyl, Penta-chiorophenol, and p-chloromercuribenzoate.