• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.4451-4466
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• 2014

We present joint radio selection and relay scheme that delivers data from a source to a sink in heterogeneous stationary sensor networks consisting of various radio interfaces. The proposed scheme finds the optimal relay nodes and their corresponding radio interfaces that minimize energy consumption throughout the network while satisfying the end-to-end packet deadline requirement. We formulate the problem of routing through radio interface selection into binary integer programs, and obtain the optimal solution by solving with an optimization solver. We examine a trade-off relationship between energy consumption and packet delay based on network level simulations. We show that given the end-to-end deadline requirement, our routing algorithm finds the most energy-efficient routing path and radio interface across mesh hops. We demonstrate that the proposed routing scheme exploits the given packet delivery time to turn into network benefit of reducing energy consumption compared to routing based on single radio interface.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권12호
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• pp.5729-5744
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• 2017

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) in the large-scale road section usually have typical characteristics of large number of vehicles and unevenly distribution over geographic spaces. These two inherent characteristics lead to the unsatisfactory performance of VANETs. This poor performance is mainly due to fragile communication link and low dissemination efficiency. We propose a novel routing mechanism to address the issue in the paper, which includes a competition-based routing discovery with priority metrics and a local routing repair strategy. In the routing discovery stage, the algorithm uses adaptive scheme to select a stable route by the priorities of routing metrics, which are the length of each hop, as well as the residual lifetime of each link. Comparisons of different ratios over link length and link stability further show outstanding improvements. In the routing repair process, upstream and downstream nodes also compete for the right to establish repair process and to remain as a member of the active route after repair. Our simulation results confirm the improved performance of the proposed algorithm.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.2805-2826
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• 2021

In most cases, the routing policy of networks shows a preference for a static one-to-one mapping of communication pairs to routing paths, which offers adversaries a great advantage to conduct thorough reconnaissance and organize an effective attack in a stress-free manner. With the evolution of network intelligence, some flexible and adaptive routing policies have already proposed to intensify the network defender to turn the situation. Routing mutation is an effective strategy that can invalidate the unvarying nature of routing information that attackers have collected from exploiting the static configuration of the network. However, three constraints execute press on routing mutation deployment in practical: insufficient route mutation space, expensive control costs, and incompatibility. To enhance the availability of route mutation, we propose an OpenFlow-based route mutation technique called Polymorphic Path Transferring (PPT), which adopts a physical and virtual path segment mixed construction technique to enlarge the routing path space for elevating the security of communication. Based on the Markov Decision Process, with considering flows distribution in the network, the PPT adopts an evolution routing path scheduling algorithm with a segment path update strategy, which relieves the press on the overhead of control and incompatibility. Our analysis demonstrates that PPT can secure data delivery in the worst network environment while countering sophisticated attacks in an evasion-free manner (e.g., advanced persistent threat). Case study and experiment results show its effectiveness in proactively defending against targeted attacks and its advantage compared with previous route mutation methods.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제17C권3호
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• pp.281-290
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• 2010

위치 기반 라우팅 기법에서는 경로 유지를 위해 모바일 노드 정보를 습득해야 하며 이를 위해 고정된 주기로 비콘 메시지를 자신의 이웃노드에 전송하는 방법이 널리 사용된다. 하지만 비콘 주기가 길어질 경우 모바일 환경에서 이웃 노드 위치 에러 발생 확률이 높아지게 되고, 반면에 짧을 경우 네트워크 내에서 경로 유지를 위한 오버헤드가 커지는 문제가 있다. 이를 위해 비콘 전송 주기를 동적으로 변화시키는 방법이 제안되었으나 최적의 전송 주기를 찾는 것은 동적인 모바일 환경에서 아주 어려운 일이다. 따라서, 부적절한 비콘 전송 주기로 인해 포워딩 테이블 내에서 잘못된 이웃 노드 정보를 유지하는 불확실성 문제가 빈번하게 발생하게 되고 이로 인해 경로 신뢰성과 네트워크 전송률이 낮아지게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 불확실성 문제를 극복하기 위해서 모바일 노드가 스스로 자신의 위치를 체크하는 능동적 포워딩 테이블 갱신기법을 가정하여 자가 적응형 위치 검증 기법을 제안한다. ns2를 이용한 시뮬레이션 결과는 다양한 모바일 환경에서 제안 기법이 기존 방법 보다 라우팅 오버헤드를 줄이면서 경로 신뢰성, 단대 단 전송률이 향상됨을 보여준다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제39B권9호
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• pp.620-628
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• 2014

모바일 애드 혹 네트워크(MANET)에서는 무선 노드들의 제한된 에너지를 효율적으로 활용하기 위한 라우팅 기법들이 많이 제안되었다. 이 중 에너지를 고려한 On-demand 방식의 라우팅 기법들은 노드들의 고른 에너지 소모를 위해 경로를 주기적으로 변경해 줌으로써 네트워크의 수명을 늘리고자 하였으나, 잦은 플러딩으로 인해 라우팅 오버헤드 및 에너지 소모가 증가하는 문제점이 있다. 따라서 이를 해결하기 위해 최소신장트리(MST)나 인터럽트 방식을 이용해 플러딩 메시지를 줄이는 기법이나, 다중경로 또는 보조경로를 사용해 라우팅 오버헤드를 줄이는 기법 등이 연구되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 잔여 에너지와 함께 노드 간 데이터 전송량의 정도를 반영하여 부분적인 경로 수정을 해 줌으로써 노드의 에너지 소모를 평준화시키고 네트워크 수명을 증가시키는 Adaptive Local Path Modification Routing (ALPMR) 프로토콜을 제안하고, ns-2 시뮬레이터를 이용해 그 성능을 검증한다.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제12A권4호
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• pp.297-304
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• 2005

본 논문은 적응적 망 경로 선택 기능을 최대한 활용하기 위하여 두 가지 새로운 큐 구조 DAMQWR와 VCDAMQ를 제안하였다. DAMQWR은 리쿠르트 레지스터를 사용하여 정체된 채널의 메시지를 비 정체 채널로 라우팅을 유도할 수 있게 하여주며 VCDAMQ는 가상 채널상의 교통량을 동적으로 지원하도록 함으로써 망의 흐름을 보다 원활하게 하여 준다. 시뮬레이션과 분석을 통하여 제안된 큐 구조의 특성과 성능을 평가하였고 그 결과 제안되어진 큐 구조들인 VCDAMQ와 DAMQWR 구조가 메모리 및 망의 자원을 효과적으로 사용하여 적응적 라우터에 가장 적합함을 알 수 있었으며, 실험결과에서 기존의 DAMQ에 비하여 최대 $20\%$까지 망의 통신 성능이 향상됨을 보였다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(3)
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• pp.199-202
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• 2001

In this paper, we proposed and analyzed a new class of irregular fault-tolerant multistage interconnection network named as Extended-QT(Quad Tree) network. E-QT network is extended QT network. A unique path MIN usually is low hardware complexity and control algorithm. So we proposes a class of multipath MIN which are obtained by adding self-loop auxiliary links at the a1l stages in QT(Quad Tree) networks so that they can provide more paths between each source-destination pair. The routing of proposed structure is adaptived and is based by a routing tag. Starting with the routing tag for the minimum path between a given source-destination pair, routing algorithm uses a set of rules to select switches and modify routing tag. Trying the self-loop auxiliary link when both of the output links are unavailable. If the trying is failure, the packet discard. In simulation, an index of performance called reliability and cost are introduced to compare different kinds of MINs. As a result, the prouosed MINs have better capacity than 07 networks.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2002년도 ITC-CSCC -3
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• pp.1839-1842
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• 2002

Ad hoc networks are characterized by multi- hop wireless connectivity, frequently changing network topology and the need for efficient dynamic routing protocols. In this paper, we proposed a new technique to adjust the zone radius by concentrating the changes of network traffic in a particular direction, which we refer to as AZRP. We demonstrate that even though ZRP and AZRP share a similar hybrid routing behavior, the differences in the protocol mechanics can lead to significant performance differentials. We discuss the algorithm and report on the performance of AZRP scheme, and compare it to the ZRP routing protocol. Our results indicate clearly that AZRP outperforms ZRP by reducing significantly the number of route query messages. And thereby increases the efficiency of the network load.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.857-859
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• 2015

본 논문은 다중-홉 해양통신망의 종단간 경로 설정을 위한 ad-hoc on-demand vector (AODV) 기반의 flooding에서 발생하는 다중 복제 오버헤드를 줄이기 위해 제시된 지향성 라우팅 프로토콜을 다룬다. 확률 기하(stochastic geometry) 분석 기법을 이용하여 목표 라우팅 성공 확률과 선박국의 밀도에 따라 적응적으로 라우팅 오버헤드를 최소화하는 방식을 제안한다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.1790-1806
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• 2015

Utility-based routing is a special type of routing approach using a composite utility metric when making routing decisions in ad hoc and sensor networks. Previous studies on the utility-based routing all use fixed retry limit and a very simple distance related energy model, which makes the utility maximization less efficient and the implementation separated from practice. In this paper, we refine the basic utility model by capturing the correlation of the transmit power, the retry limit, the link reliability and the energy cost. A routing algorithm based on the refined utility model with adaptive transmit power and retry limit allocation is proposed. With this algorithm, packets with different priorities will automatically receive utility-optimal delivery. The design of this algorithm is based on the observation that for a given benefit, there exists a utility-maximum route with optimal transmit power and retry limit allocated to intermediate forwarding nodes. Delivery along the utility-optimal route makes a good balance between the energy cost and the reliability according to the value of the packets. Both centralized algorithm and distributed implementations are discussed. Simulations prove the satisfying performance of the proposed algorithm.