• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1994

To understand the molecular mechanism of hardening process in somatic embryo development and artificial seed germination in celery (Apium graveolens L.), the changes of protein synthesis by ABA or cold teatment at early globular stage were examined. Protein content and nitrate reductase activity in ABA- or cold-treated somatic embryo and seedlings were higher than that in unheated ones. The protein content and nitrate reductase activity were more prominent in somatic embryos than in seedlings. From two-dimensional electrophoresis, several protein spots specific to ABA or cold treatment were identified: 30 KD, 32 KD, 171 KD and 205 KD at heart-shaped stage; and 29 KD, 33 KD, 37 KD, 38 KD, 41 KD, 55 KD, 66 KD, and 110 KD at cotyledonary stage were the most specifically synthesized However the synthesis of certain polypeptides were repressed at heart-shaped or cotyledonary stage: 42 KD, 44 KD, 59 KD, 64 KD, 101 KD, 104 KD, and 190 KD at heart-shaped stage; and 29 KD and 116 KD at cotyledonary stage. The protein pattern changes by ABA or cold treatment occurred simultaneously and mainly in acid-soluble proteins during somatic embryo development and artificial seed germination. Therefore it is suggested that the metabolic changes for adaptation to environmental change occur during somatic embryo development and the germination and growth of seedling from embryo.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.205-226
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• 2008

The purpose of the study you have seen is to verify the effectiveness of existing quantitative research and to put the Empathy Training Program to practical use for participating children. From looking into this, the changes in empathic understanding that came to light in relationships between teacher and children and children and children are sure to have that effect. For this work, I established the following subject of inquiry: What kind of changing processes can be seen in the empathic understanding of participating children in the Empathy Training Program? To resolve the above line of inquiry, six female sixth grade elementary school students were chosen and they progressed through twelve sessions of the Empathy Training Program. The children were given a sentence completion exam, recognition work, neat writing exam and a school adaptation exam both before and after participation in the program, making data for analysis. To analyze, first, participants had one or two meetings of forty to fifty minutes each. Progress through the program's curriculum was recorded and through the repeating and copying method, to be sure participating children's empathic understanding was revealed, empathic language and behavior was routinely chosen. Next, according the above criteria I looked into visible changes of the participating children's empathic expressions, classifying and analyzing changes in empathic understanding and six instances of common changes in the emphatic understanding of the participants relationships were analyzed and put together. Next I will summarize the findings we have seen in this research: First, if we look into changes in common empathic understanding from the beginning, using the criteria of empathic language, each individual showed understanding at the beginning and passed and progressed through stages of care, insight and emotional expressions. Second, when we looked at the criteria of empathic behavior from the beginning to the end, one's line of vision and ability to concentrate one's attention was connected. Next, the act of nodding one's head looked like a brief nod at first but at the end, it was not just a simple nod but rather they could feel deep empathy. The condition and substance of the facial expression was seen to match and at the very end the child was expressive and stretched out arms to hold and pat the other person and the act of holding hands could also be seen. Among lots of empathic behavior the final stage was shown by half of the children. Third, from the first stage to the last stage there were many cases revealed. The more the children went the more complete their empathic language became. Their vocabulary increased and became more diverse with empathic actions. Also, when comparing actions and expressions from the beginning with the end, visible expressions became more natural and sincere at the end. The result of the research we have seen is that through receiving experience of empathic understanding, participating children showed a sense of self-confidence and they looked to make peaceful expressions while not being aggressive or defensive about problems. In addition, from understanding empathic expressions, participating children's relationships felt closer. This outcome within this group in this case will be applied and the formation of empathic understanding can be used by the children internally to solve their own problems, acquire close relationships with their teachers and others. It will also contribute to smooth classroom management.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.422-437
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• 2019

Compared to the significant number of researches on international immigration, there has been less attention to return migration. This is partly because return migration has been understood as a simple phenomenon resulted from a successful return with accumulated capital or adaptation failure. Since the mid-1990s, a large number of Korean-Chinese have migrated to Korea, and recently it became more common to witness the return of them. This study examines the strategic choice of self-employed Korean-Chinese returning to Yanbian, Recently, an increasing number of Korean-Chinese starts a small business, such as restaurants in Yanbian after accumulating capital in Korea. The relatively short stay in Korea is not only for saving money to initiate their own business. Rather, they could obtain new business opportunities in Yanbian by using the experiences and networks built in Korea. In short, the return migration of the Korean-Chinese to Yanbian can be understood as a strategy of capital accumulation utilizing the gap in the World-systems.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2016

The progressive attrition of teeth is a normal process by aging. However, excessive tooth wear with decreased vertical dimension of occlusion and collapse of occlusal plane may cause pathologic pulpal condition, occlusal disharmony, functional disorders and esthetic problems. The change of vertical dimension is required in case that there is no sufficient clearance for restoration or in case that the occlusal relationship is modified. For gaining the vertical dimension, a careful diagnosis is essential prior to starting the restoration treatment. After evaluating adaptation of neuromuscular system of patient during provisional phase, the final restorations can be fabricated. In this case, a 78 year old male with severely worn down dentition was treated. To improve the esthetic appearance and to achieve the ideal occlusal relationship, the full mouth rehabilitation with minimal increase of vertical dimension is planned and diagnostic wax-up was performed at the increased vertical dimension. After evaluation of provisional restorations for 12 weeks, final restorations were fabricated and routine clinical assessments were made. After 1 year, the restorations with newly established occlusal scheme are well maintained without significant complications and esthetically and functionally satisfactory results were obtained.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.691-707
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• 2015

This study aims to develop biology teachers' education program based on argumentation activity about core concepts of evolution and to analyze the characteristics of core concepts of evolution learned during the program. The eight core concepts of evolution in this study were variation, heritability of variation, competition, natural selection, adaptation, differential reproductive rate of individuals, changes in genetic pool within a population, and macroevolution. The performances of teachers participating in the program were compared before and after argumentation activities; consisting of seven sessions on the eight core concepts of evolution. The process of the program was specially designed by learning cycle model for teacher education, consisting of seven phases: identification of the task, production of a tentative argument, small group's written argument, share arguments with the other groups, reflective discussion, final written argument, and organization by an instructor. Participants in the study were two pre-service biology teachers and four in-service biology teachers. The results suggest that biology teachers reduced the teleological explanation for biological evolution and improve its adequacy after the intervention. Teachers lacked the opportunity to discuss variation, heritability of variation, competition, and macroevolution because science textbooks lack information on the concepts of biological evolution. The results of this study suggest that because the argumentation program developed for teachers helps to improve understanding the concepts of evolution and to reduce inadequate conceptions in biology, teacher education programs using argumentation activity and eight core concepts of evolution will play a role for efficient evolution education for biology teachers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.613-619
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• 2005

Indigenous Yakutian cattle' adaptation to the hardest subarctic conditions makes them a valuable genetic resource for cattle breeding in the Siberian area. Since early last century, crossbreeding between native Yakutian cattle and imported Simmental and Kholmogory breeds has been widely adopted. In this study, variations at 22 polymorphic microsatellite loci in 5 populations of Yakutian, Kholmogory, Simmental, Yakutian-Kholmogory and Yakutian-Simmental cattle were analysed to estimate the genetic contribution of Yakutian cattle to the two hybrid populations. Three statistical approaches were used: the weighted least-squares (WLS) method which considers all allele frequencies; a recently developed implementation of a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method called likelihood-based estimation of admixture (LEA); and a model-based Bayesian admixture analysis method (STRUCTURE). At population-level admixture analyses, the estimate based on the LEA was consistent with that obtained by the WLS method. Both methods showed that the genetic contribution of the indigenous Yakutian cattle in Yakutian-Kholmogory was small (9.6% by the LEA and 14.2% by the WLS method). In the Yakutian-Simmental population, the genetic contribution of the indigenous Yakutian cattle was considerably higher (62.8% by the LEA and 56.9% by the WLS method). Individual-level admixture analyses using STRUCTURE proved to be more informative than the multidimensional scaling analysis (MDSA) based on individual-based genetic distances. Of the 9 Yakutian-Simmental animals studied, 8 showed admixed origin, whereas of the 14 studied Yakutian-Kholmogory animals only 2 showed Yakutian ancestry (>5%). The mean posterior distributions of individual admixture coefficient (q) varied greatly among the samples in both hybrid populations. This study revealed a minor existing contribution of the Yakutian cattle in the Yakutian-Kholmogory hybrid population, but in the Yakutian-Simmental hybrid population, a major genetic contribution of the Yakutian cattle was seen. The results reflect the different crossbreeding patterns used in the development of the two hybrid populations. Additionally, molecular evidence for differences among individual admixture proportions was seen in both hybrid populations, resulting from the stochastic process in crossing over generations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.896-902
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• 2015

Milking center wastewater (MCW) has a relatively low ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N ratio), which should be separately managed from livestock manure due to the negative impacts of manure nutrients and harmful effects on down-stream in the livestock manure process with respect to the microbial growth. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) is linked to inhibition of the second nitrification and reduces around 40% of the carbonaceous energy available for denitrification. Thus, this study was conducted to find the optimal operational conditions for the treatment of MCW using an attached-growth biofilm reactor; i.e., nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.14, 0.28, 0.43, and $0.58kg\;m^{-3}\;d^{-1}$ and aeration rate of 0.06, 0.12, and $0.24\;m^3\;h^{-1}$ were evaluated and the comparison of air-diffuser position between one-third and bottom of the reactor was conducted. Four sand packed-bed reactors with the effective volume of 2.5 L were prepared and initially an air-diffuser was placed at one third from the bottom of the reactor. After the adaptation period of 2 weeks, SND was observed at all four reactors and the optimal NLR of $0.45kg\;m^{-3}\;d^{-1}$ was found as a threshold value to obtain higher nitrogen removal efficiency. Dissolved oxygen (DO) as one of key operational conditions was measured during the experiment and the reactor with an aeration rate of $0.12\;m^3\;h^{-1}$ showed the best performance of $NH_4-N$ removal and the higher total nitrogen removal efficiency through SND with appropriate DO level of ${\sim}0.5\;mg\;DO\;L^{-1}$. The air-diffuser position at one third from the bottom of the reactor resulted in better nitrogen removal than at the bottom position. Consequently, nitrogen in MCW with a low C/N ratio of 2.15 was successfully removed without the addition of external carbon sources.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.437-445
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• 2004

In this paper. we describe a novel method for transforming audio contents according to user's preference on sound field. Sound field effect technologies. which transform or simulate acoustic environments as user's preference, are very important for enlarging the reality of acoustic scene. However huge amount of computational power is required to process sound field effect in real time. so it is hard to implement this functionality at the portable audio devices such as MP3 player. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for providing sound field effect to audio contents independent of terminal's computational power through processing this functionality at the server using user's sound field preference, which is transfered from terminal side. To describe sound field preference, user can use perceptual acoustic parameters as well as the URI address of room impulse response signal. In addition, a novel fast convolution method is presented to implement a sound field effect engine as a result of convoluting with a room impulse response signal at the realtime application. and verified to be applicable to real-time applications through experiments. To verify the evidence of benefit of proposed method we performed two subjective listening tests about sound field descrimitive ability and preference on sound field processed sounds. The results showed that the proposed sound field preference can be applicable to the public.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 2007

In this paper, we design and implement a framework based on Web Services for effective management of the profiles that were proposed to provide a user with personalized service. The profiles must be constituted the related information of the user and could be exchanged according to cyclic.acyclic or event among user's device, profile repository and service server for providing the user with personalized service. The profiles also must be supplied the services providers that need to the profiles for the personalized service. The profile framework is necessary to provide the functions like this for managing effectively of the personalized service. The proposed framework used the Web Services for exchanging and providing the profile regardless the various devices and platform. The framework also was applied the metadata constitute method and dynamic constitute method for managing effectively of the profile. The result of experiment using proposed framework was effective process and management of the profile and could exchange the profile with regardless of platform and device. The implemented system using the proposed framework was foundation of providing the personalized services with a user by through a effective management function of the profile.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.467-478
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• 2008

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and interSSR (ISSR) marker systems were used in this study to reveal genetic changes induced by artificial selection for short/long larval duration in the tropical strain Nistari of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Artificial selection separated longer larval duration (LLD) ($29.428{\pm}0.723days$) and shorter larval duration (SLD) ($22.573{\pm}0.839days$) lines from a base, inbred population of Nistari (larval span of $23.143{\pm}0.35days$). SSR polymorphism was observed between the LLD and SLD lines at one microsatellite locus, Bmsat106 ($CA_7$) and at two loci of 1074 bp and 823 bp generated with the ISSR primer UBC873. Each of these loci was present only in the LLD line. The loci segregated in the third generation of selection and were fixed in opposite directions. In the $F_2$ generation of the $LLD{\times}SLD$ lines, the alleles of Bmsat106 and $UBC873_{1074bp}$ segregated in a 1:1 ratio and the loci were present only in the LLD individuals. $UBC873_{823bp}$ was homozygous. Single factor ANOVA showed a significant association between the segregating loci and longer larval duration. Together, the two alleles contributed to an 18% increase in larval duration. The nucleotide sequences of the $UBC873_{1074bp}$ and $UBC873_{823bp}$ loci had 67% A/T content and consisted of direct, reverse, complementary and palindromic repeats. The repeats appeared to be "nested" (59%) in larger repeats or as clustered elements adjacent to other repeats. Of 203 microsatellites identified, dinucleotides (67.8%) predominated and were rich in A/T and T/A motifs. The sequences of the $UBC873_{1074bp}$ and $UBC873_{823bp}$ loci showed similarity (E = 0.0) to contigs located in Scaffold 010774 and Scaffold 000139, respectively, of the B. mori genome. BLASTN analysis of the $UBC873_{1074bp}$ sequence showed significant homology of (nt.) 45-122 with upstream region of three exons from Bombyx. The complete sequence of this locus showed ~49% nucleotide conservation with transposon 412 of Drosophila melanogaster and the Ikirara insertions of Anopheles gambiae. The A + T richness and lack of coding potential of these small loci, and their absence in the SLD line, reflect the active process of genetic change associated with the switch to short larval duration as an adaptation to the tropics.