• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.174-181
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• 1996

The novel synthesis of 3-aminopropyl dihydrogen phosphate(3-APPA; 3-Aminopropane phosphoric acid), and its applicability to the skin as a cosmetic raw material in terms of its efficacy and toxicology were presented. The phosphorylation of 3-amino-1-propanol was carried out via cyclization into 6-membered 2, 6-oxaza-phosphoryl ring in the presence of phosphorous oxychloried and an organic base. The subsequent ring-opening hydrolysis and crystallization afforded the highly purified product in 90% isoloated yield. The method is much superior to the previous literature phosphorylation methodsm, as the procedure is simple and high-yielding. To confirm the efficacy of 3-APPA, several activities related to anti-aging capacity were measured. In-vitro human fibroblast, linear and 3-dimensional collagen matrix culture revealed that 3-APPA stimulated the proliferation of fibroblasts, and enhanced the synthesis of collagen, which showed 3-APPA's potency for skin wrinkle reduction. The toxicolgical aspect of 3-APPA was also extensively examined. In vivo toxicity tests such as acute oral toxicity, eye irritation, human patch, and the repeat insult human patch test proved 3-APPA to be a safe material. Thus 3-APPA can be used as an effective anti-aging agent for various cosmetic formulations.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2016

본 실험에서는 유산균발효 독활의 마우스 단회 경구 투여 독성 자료를 얻기 위해 식품의약품안전청 고시 제 2013-121 “의약품 등의 독성시험 기준”에 의거하여, 설치류 투여 한계 용량인 2,000 mg/kg을 최고 투여군을 설정하고 공비 2로 1,000 및 500 mg/kg 투여군을 중간 및 저용량 투여군으로 설정하여 실험을 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 독활 열수 추출물 2,000 mg/kg 암수 투여군 및 암수 매체 대조군과 비교 평가 하였다. 본 실험의 결과, 설치류 투여한계 용량인 2,000 mg/kg 투여군까지, 유산균발효 독활 열수 추출물 투여와 관련된 사망례, 임상증상, 체중, 장기중량, 육안부검 및 조직병리학적 소견이 인정되지 않았다. 따라서 유산균발효 독활 열수 추출물의 마우스에 대한 단회 경구 투여 반수 치사량 및 개략적 치사량은 암수 각각 2,000 mg/kg이상으로 산출되었으며, 특정 임상증상 및 표적 장기 역시 없는 것으로 판단되어, 유산균발효 독활은 매우 안전한 물질로 판단된다. 또한 독활 열수 추출물 2,000 mg/kg 투여와 관련된 사망례, 임상 증상, 체중, 장기중량, 육안 및 조직병리학적 변화 역시 인정되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 독활의 활용도를 증대시키는 기초 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.350-356
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• 2011

최근에는 화학적 살충소재 보다 친환경적인 살충소재를 선호하여 천연물질을 함유한 친환경 살충제의 개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 해충 방제에 이용할 수 있는 친환경 농자재인 식물정유(싸임화이트, 클로브버드, 계피, 라벤더, 레몬유칼립투스)의 생태독성을 평가하는 것이다. 생태독성 평가로 물벼룩(Daphina magna), 송사리(Oryzias latipes), 꿀벌(Apis mellifera L.), 지렁이(Eisenia fetida)를 이용하였다. 물벼룩급성독성시험의 경우, 싸임화이트, 클로브버드, 계피 정유의 $EC_{50}$ 값은 각각 2.5, 2.8, $6.9mg\;L^{-1}$로 EPA 기준으로 보통독성정도이었고, 라벤더, 레몬유칼립투스 정유는 $10mg\;L^{-1}$ 이상이었다. 송사리급성독성 시험의 경우, 싸임화이트와 계피 정유의 $LC_{50}$ 값이 6.7, $7.5mg\;L^{-1}$으로 나타났으며 나머지 정유는 모두 $10mg\;L^{-1}$으로 확인되었다. 꿀벌급성독성시험은 접촉과 섭식 시험으로 나누어서 실시하였고, 모든 정유의 $LD_{50}$ 값이 $100{\mu}g$ a.i $bee^{-1}$ 이상으로 확인되었다. 지렁이급성독성시험의 경우, 싸임화이트, 클로브버드, 계피, 라벤더, 레몬유칼립투스의 $LC_{50}$ 값이 각각 149, 230, 743, 234, $635mg\;kg^{-1}$로 나타났다. 결과적으로 식물 정유들의 지렁이급성독성에 대한 안전성이 확인될 경우 환경에 대한 안전성이 확보된 친환경 살충소재로서의 활용 가능성이 예상되며, 친환경 농자재 생산에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2022

Due to the syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the subway passenger cabin should be continuously sterilized. However, a disinfectant such as chlorine is toxic and can lead to different issues to human health. In this paper, we introduced a novel disinfectant based on natural product (Dendropanax morbifera extract). Via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS), different compounds from Dendropanax morbifera extract showed antivirus potentials. Antimicrobial experiments confirmed that the air-disinfectant containing Dendropanax morbifera can eliminate harmful microorganisms including Gram (-), Gram (+), and yeast within 5 mins. The as-prepared air-disinfectant also showed high antivirus activity against H1N1, HRV, and EV71. Deodorization test also indicates that the as-prepared air-disinfectant can lower the harmful gas such as ammonia and trimethylamine in the atmosphere. To evaluate the potential of air-disinfectant containing Dendropanax morbifera in practical applications, different safety tests including acute oral toxicity, acute skin irritation, and eye irritation were conducted. Results showed that the as-prepared disinfectant did not negatively affect tested animals during these safety investigations.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2012

Objectives : Yukmijihwang-tang(Wan), a well-known formula for invigorating yin-particular kidney yin, was first recorded in "Xiao er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue", consisting of Radix Rehmanniae Preparata, Fructus Macrocarpii, Rhizoma Dioscoreae Oppositae, Poria, Rhizoma Alismatis and Cortex Moutan Radicis with dose proportion of 8:4:4:3:3:3. Although clinical trials have been lacking, various pharmacological actions for Yukmijihwang-tang has been identified newly using animal models. In addition, it was reported that Yukmijihwang-tang increases structural chromosome aberrations significantly in Chinese hamster lung cells. In this article, it is purposed that new studies for pharmacology and toxicology of Yukmijihwang-tang are reviewed. Insight into new studies of Yukmijihwang-tang at the cellular and animal levels will enhance our understanding of Yukmijihwang-tang against various diseases will provide new tools to diagnose and treat patients. Methods : Recent researches for Yukmijihwang-tang were reviewed and summarized in terms of pharmacological action and toxicity. All sources for review were based on recent studies loaded on data base of web sites such as Science Direct and National Center for Biotechnology Information. Results and Conclusions : Recently, reports showed that YMJ had antiaging effects, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities, anti-renal hypertension and prevented tumors, and diabetes mellitus. However, there is little information on its safety except general toxicity, acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity, or genotoxicity. In addition, clinical trial for Yukmijihwang-tang was limited even though Yukmijihwang-tang has been used extensively in Korean traditional medicine. Thus, further studies are necessary to focus on safety evaluation and clinical trial for Yukmijihwang-tang.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.203-225
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• 1997

Jihwangbakhotang(地黃白虎楊) is made by Li Je Ma, the creator of the Four Constitutional Medicine. Single and 13 weeks oral repeated dose toxicity studies were conducted in Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes to elucidate the potential acute and subchronic toxicity of JBT extract and reversibility of any effects. In the single dose study, JBT extract was administered orally to rats with the dose of 2 g/kg and 8 g/kg. In the long term administration of 13 weeks, the JBT extract of 125 mg/kg/day, 500 mg/kg/day, 2000 mg/kg/day was administered to rats. The change of blood weight, urine volume, electrolyte in urine, hematological change, the change of blood chemistry, autopsy finding, and histological observation were researched, the results were as follows; 1. The lethal dose of JBT extract seems to be over 10 g/kg, the single administration of JBT extract 8 g/kg showed no toxical signs except little increase of urine volume. 2. The change of body weight had the trend of decrease in the group of, but has no significance, and also the consumption of food and water had no changes. 3. The hematological changes induced by the 13 weeks administration of JBT extract showed the significance in the item of Hb, MCH, MCV, WBC in the group of 125 mg/kg/day. 4. In the test of blood chemistry, total cholesterol showed little decrease and A/G ratio showed little increase, but the change was not clear, and the standard error was large. So the result was obtained insignificantly and the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed. 5. In the male group after recovery period, the level of cholesterol and triglyceride decreased slightly, but the result was not significant. 6. In the urine test, the little change of electrolyte was appeared, but it seemed not to be the result induced by the toxicity of JBT extract. 7. In each group of male and female rats, the weight change of organ and the serum histological changes was observed, but the result did not showed the dose dependent toxicity. So the toxicity of JBT extract was not regarded. In the conclusion, the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed in the single dose treatment and long term repetitive administration of JBT extract.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.276-288
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• 2014

The six polysaccharide fractions were prepared by chromatographic procedure from the hot water extracts of the aboveground parts of Astragalus membranaceus. These six polysaccharides from aboveground parts of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge were tested for gut-mucosal immune activity and acute toxicity. In a view of molecular weight, the six fractions were estimated to be 75000, 88000, 129000 and 345000 Da, respectively. Component sugar analysis indicated that these fractions were mainly consisted of galactose (46.3 ~ 11.8%) and arabinose (35.4 ~ 9.9%) in addition to glucose, rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid. Among the six major purified polysaccharides, AMA-1-b-PS2 showed highest bone merrow cell proliferation and lymphocyte of Peyer's patch stimulating activity. It may be concluded that intestinal immune system modulating activity of aboveground parts from Astragalus membranaceus Bunge is caused by polysaccharides having a polygalacturonan moiety with neutral sugars such as arabinose and galactose. In single oral dose toxicity study, no differences were observed between control and treated groups in clinical signs. The results indicated that lethal dose 50 ($LD_{50}$) of water extracts from Astragalus membranaceus-aboveground parts was found to be higher than 5000 mg/kg/day in this experiment. From the above results, we may suggest that Astragalus membranaceus-aboveground parts might have useful as a safe material for functional food and pharmaceutics.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.134-142
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• 2010

Although BinSo-San(BSS), a mixed herbal formula consisted of 11 types of medicinal herbs and have been used as anti-inflammatory agent, In the present study, the acute toxicity (single oral dose toxicity) of lyophilized BSS aqueous extracts was monitored in male and female mice after oral administration according to Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines (2005-60, 2005). In order to observe the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$), approximate lethal dosage (ALD), maximum tolerance dosage (MTD) and target organs, test articles were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body wt.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines (2005-60, 2005). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after dosing according to KFDA Guidelines (2005-60, 2005) with organ weight and histopathology of 12 types of principle organs. We could not find any mortality, clinical signs and changes in the body weights except for dose-independent increases of body weight and gains restricted in 1000 mg/kg of BSS extracts-dosing female group. Hypertrophic changes of lymphoid organs.thymus, spleen and popliteal lymph nodes were detectedat postmortem observation with BSS extracts dose-dependent increases of lymphoid organ weights, and hyperplasia of lymphoid cells in these all three lymphoid organs at histopathological observations. These changes are considered as results of pharmacological effects of BSS extracts or their components, immunomodulating effects, not toxicological signs. In addition, some sporadic accidental findings such as congestion spots, cyst formation in kidney, atrophy of thymus and spleen with depletion of lymphoid cells, and edematous changes of uterus with desquamation of uterus mucosa as estrus cycles were detected throughout the whole experimental groups including both male and female vehicle controls. The significant (p<0.01) increases of absolute weights of kidney and pancreas detected in BSS extracts 1000 mg/kg-treated female group are considered as secondary changes from increases of body weights. The results obtained in this study suggest that the BSS extract is non-toxic in mice and is therefore likely to be safe for clinical use. The LD50 and ALD of BSS aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected upto 2000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD. In addition, the MTD of BSS extracts was also considered as over 2000 mg/kg because no BSS extracts-treatment related toxicological signs were detected at histopathological observation except for BSS or their component-related pharmacological effects, the immunomodulating effects detected in the present study.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.117-121
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• 1981

분리 정제한 황색색소의 안정성을 검토하기 위하여 in vivo 및 in vitro 시험을 한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Mouse를 이용한 안정성 시험은 경구 투여시 LSD$_{50}$은 체중 20g당 0.13245g이었다. 2. 본 색소를 이용한 발열성물질 시험결과 발열 한도량은 체내투여시 kg 당 5 mg이었다. 3. 본 색소를 이용한 histamin 물질 시험은 혈압강하물질 표준품으로 비교할 때 시험동물 당 10 mg까지 안정하였다. 4. 본 색소의 병원성균에 대한 감수성 시험결과 500 mcg/$m\ell$ 농도에서 Bacillus subtilis(ATCC 6633), Sarcina lutea (ATCC 8341) 및 Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 6538-P)에 대하여 미량의 저해 작용을 나타내었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.250-264
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• 1994

Omeprazole(OMZ)-cholestyramine(CHL) and various OMZ-Dowex resin complexes were prepared by reaction between OMZ and activated resins in 0.1N NaOH solution. And their physical properties were tested by means of infrared(IR), differential scaning caloimeter(DSC), X-ray diffraction. Chemical stability of OMZ-CHL was increased markedly compared with OMZ and the decomposition of OMZ-CHL followed the pseudo first-order kinetics and the rate constants were $2.743{\times}10^{-4}/day$ at $20^{\circ}C$, $7.83{\times}10^{-3}day^{-1}$ under 80% RH and $1.68{\times}10^{-2}day^{-1}$ under UV radiation, respectively. On the other hand, the rate constants of OMZ were $2.996{\times}10^{-4}day^{-1}$ at $20^{\circ}C$, $1.17{\times}10^{-2}day^{-1}$ under 85% RH, and $4.07{\times}10^{-2}day^{-1}$ under UV radiation, respectively. The rates of dissolution of OMZ-CHL bulk and OMZ-CHL tablet were 100% and more than 85% in 15 minutes, respectively, which were increased than OMZ base and OMZ-tablet. In the acute toxicological test, the value of oral $LD_{50}$(mouse) was 4.608 g/kg. OMZ-CHL was pelletized using lactose, polyethyle neglycol(PEG), D-sorbitol, Avicel PH 101, sodium laurylsulfate and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) K-30, and enteric coated with HPMCP, Myvacet, acetone, ethanol and cetanol, of which dissolution rate was found to be more than 85% in 10 minutes. From the above results, it was found that OMZ-CHL is a useful means for development of new oral dosage forms of OMZ.