• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제11권6호
• /
• pp.452-460
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUD/OBJECTIVES: Turanose, ${\alpha}$-D-glucosyl-($1{\rightarrow}3$)-${\alpha}$-D-fructose, is a sucrose isomer which naturally exists in honey. To evaluate toxicity of turanose, acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies were conducted with ICR mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the acute oral toxicity study, turanose was administered as a single oral dose [10 g/kg body weight (b.w.)]. In the subchronic toxicity study, ICR mice were administered 0, 1.75, 3.5, and 7 g/kg b.w. doses of turanose daily for 13 weeks. RESULTS: No signs of acute toxicity, including abnormal behavior, adverse effect, or mortality, were observed over the 14-day study period. In addition, no changes in body weight or food consumption were observed and the median lethal dose (LD50) for oral intake of turanose was determined to be greater than 10 g/kg b.w. General clinical behavior, changes in body weight and food consumption, absolute and relative organ weights, and mortality were not affected in any of the treatment group for 13 weeks. These doses also did not affect the macroscopic pathology, histology, hematology, and blood biochemical analysis of the mice examined. CONCLUSION: No toxicity was observed in the acute and 13-week subchronic oral toxicology studies that were conducted with ICR mice. Furthermore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level is greater than 7 g/kg/day for both male and female ICR mice.

• 한국어병학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.161-167
• /
• 2007

평균체중 96 ± 3.6 g (평균전장 43 cm)의 극동산 뱀장어 (Anguilla japonica)에 대한 포르말린의 급성독성 실험 (수온 27～28℃, pH 7.4, 용존산소량 5.6 ppm)을 실시하였다. 특히 이 시험은 뱀장어에서 Pseudodactylogyrus 구제를 위해 포르말린을 사용할 때 치료농도에서 뱀장어가 안전한가를 평가하기 위해서 수행하였다. 포르말린 농도별 (0～500 ppm) 침지 후, 500 ppm에서는 10시간째, 400 ppm에서는 24시간째 전 실험어가 사망하였다. 24시간 경과한 후 300 ppm에서는 96.6% 그리고 200 ppm에서는 13.3%의 누적사망률을 각각 나타내었다. 그러나, 100 ppm에서는 24시간 동안 실험어가 모두 생존하였다. 뱀장어에 대한 포르말린의 24시간-LC50은 269 ppm으로 나타났다.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국독성학회 2002년도 Molecular and Cellular Response to Toxic Substances
• /
• pp.148-148
• /
• 2002

This study is to characterize the microscopical and ultrastructural changes in chronic exposure of Microcystin-LR (MCLR), a cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin, comparing to those in acute lethal toxicity. Female ICR mice were injected intraperitoneally with 10, 20, 30,$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg of MCLR every 3 day for 27 days.(omitted)

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.97-106
• /
• 1989

This experiment was performed to study the acute toxic effects of mereuric chloride(HgCl$_{2}$) in goldfish (Carassius aurams). In the study, Lc$_{50}$ values were determined for each 24, 48, 72 ,and 96-hr and mercury bioassay during the tests were performed. in five parts gill, kidney, liver, muscle and egg. The results isummarized were as follows 1. In the range of acute lethal toxicity for goldfish was 0.15-1.50 mg/l and the Lc$_{50}$ values decreased with exposure time. 2. The Lc$_{50}$ values of HgCl$_{2}$ for goldfish at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hour were 0.64, 0.53, 0.46, and 0.39 mg/l, respectively. 3. In the 400 $\mu$g/l treatment group, the average levels of mercury residues in the gill, kidey, liver, muscle and egg during 96 hour were 107.02 $\mu$g/g, 8.65 $\mu$g/g, 6.87 $\mu$g/g, 0.61 $\mu$g/g, and 0.82 $\mu$g/g, respectively. 4. The mercuny residues of gill was up to 12-175 times greater than mercury contents found in the other tissues.

• Ocean Science Journal
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 2005

Benthic amphipod, Grandidierella japonica widely inhabits the Korean coastal waters and is developed as a standard test species for sediment toxicity tests. We exposed G. japonica to various pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), tributyltin [TBT], ammonia and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (acenaphthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the median lethal concentration (LC50) of each pollutant during the 96-hour acute exposure. Among all tested pollutants, TBT was most toxic to G. japonica, and Rg was most toxic among inorganic metals. The toxicity of pyrene to G. japonica was greatest among PAH compounds, followed by fluoranthene, phenanathrene, acenaphthene, fluorene and naphthalene. The toxicity of PAH compounds was closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_ow$ and water solubility. G. japonica responded adequately to pollutant concentrations and exposure durations, and the sensitivity of G. japonica to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to other amphipods used as standard test species in ecotoxicological studies, indicating this species can be applied in the assessment of environments polluted by various harmful substances.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.211-221
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute (4 hours) and repeated-dose (6 hours a day, 5 days a week, 4 weeks) toxic effects of 1-hexene on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats which were treated by inhalation. The results were as follows; 1. The median lethal concentration(LC$_{50}$) was estimated 52,694 ppm (confidence limit 95％; 49,494~55,447 ppm) in acute inhalation. Abnormal clinical signs related to the 1-Hexene were not observed with the acute inhalation dose. Cross findings of necropsy revealed on evidence of specific toxicity related to the 1-hexene. II. By repeated inhalation exposure the body weight of male were more or less reduced by the dose of 2,500 ppm and 5,000 ppm compared with control group. However there were no significant variation hematology and blood biochemistry for the exposed rats compared with the control rats. Abnormal clinical signs and gross findings of necropsy related to the 1-hexene were not shown. In conclusion when we exposed 1-hexene to SD rats for 4 weeks, 5 days per week, 6 hours per day, the Lowest observed effect level (LOEL) was over 2,500 ppm and Non observed effect level (NOEL) was below 500 ppm.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제33권5호
• /
• pp.392-396
• /
• 2007

Aquatic ecotoxicity of bisphenol A, a well-known endocrine disrupter in mammals, was studied using laboratory-reared Daphnia magna as a test organism. The static acute 48 h $EC_{50}$ of bisphenol A for daphnid neonates(<24 hold) was 12.9 mg/l and 110 h $LC_{50}$ values of bisphenol A for daphnid embryos of different ages after deposition into the brood chamber increase with ages in the range of 1.55 mg/l-8.91 mg/l. Also, 48 h $EC_{50}s$ generally increase with daphnid's ages in the range of 12.9 mg/l-19.8 mg/l. In the acute toxicity tests using mature daphnids, the lethal response and immobility all showed good concentration-response relationship with exposure concentration and exposure time, showing little difference between lethality and immobility. These results clarify that acute toxicity tests, using daphnid and its embryo, could also be useful tools easily available for the assessment of ecotoxicity of various harmful chemicals.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 1978

Short-term acute toxicity of mercury, cadmium and copper to arkshell, Anadara broughtonii, and to oyster, Crassostrea gigas, was determinedby static bioassays from 20 May to 27 June in 1977. During the observations of the opening rate of the shell mercury was the most sensitive toxicant of the three toxic substances to the test animals and caused them to close their shellvalves together after being exposed to a mercury solution for an hour during the test. Opening rate to cadmium and copper increased gradually at the higher concentration. the 96hr-LC50 values for the test animals are 4.84mg/l for mercury and 1.86mg/l for cadmium, while the 72hr-LC50 value for copper is 0.31mg/l. the death rate of oysters for cadmium showed lower than that of the mercury and copper test solutions. The 96hr-LC50 values of mercury, copper and cadmium were 1.1mg/l, 2.54mg/l and 19.5mg/l, respectively. For oysters mercury was the most toxic substance, and cadmium was the least toxic one. the medium lethal time (LT 50) value decreased gradually at higher concentration of heavy metals. The LT 50 of 2mg/l was found within 96 hours ofr copper, 104 hours for mercury and 121 hours for cadmium. The lethal threshold concentrations for 7 days were found to be about 1mg/l for mercury and copper, and 2mg/l for cadmium.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.143-154
• /
• 1996

This paper reviews the toxicological role of median lethal dose ($LD_50$) based on animal and human data. Animal oral $LD_50$ values of eighty seven chemicals were collected and comparatively evaluated with human minimum toxic dose ($TD_50$). In general, animal $LD_50$ values were much higher than human $TD_50$. The ratios between $LD_50$ and TDlo were ranged from 0.01 and over 1000, suggesting safety factor of up to 1000 between humans and animals in the case of acute toxicity data. However, about 40% of chemicals investigated were within the ratio of 10. Although the cases (N=20) were small, $LD_50$ values of guinea pig were closer to human TDlo than those of other animal species. In interanimal species (rat, mouse, rabbit, dog), the ratios of $LD_50$ values were between 0.1 and 5 (up to 50-fold difference). When the data are analyzed by chemical strut-ares, human $TD_50$ values were very close to rat oral $LD_50$ values. These data suggest that rat oral $LD_50$ value might be a useful parameter predicting human TDlo and one animal species could be sufficient for acute toxicity test.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 2009

Objectives: To evaluate the acute toxic effects and approximate lethal dose of Cheonggan extracts (CGX) in SD rats and beagle dogs. Methods: Male and female rats were divided into 4 groups (Control, CGX 1250, CGX 2500, CGX 5000) respectively and male and female dogs were divided into two groups respectively (Control, CGX 5000) respectively. A single oral dose of CGX was treated to the rats and dogs. Mortality, signs of gross toxicity, and behavioral changes were observed over 14 days. All animals were observed every hour for 4 hours after administration and once a day thereafter for 14 days. Body weights were determined at $0_{th}$, $7_{th}$, and $14_{th}$ days. All surviving animals were sacrificed and necrotized. Major organs were inspected visually for gross findings. Results: No animals died in any of the groups during the experimental period (2 weeks), rats or dogs. Body weights of rats and dogs during the experiment continuously increased in all groups but there was no significant change. No abnormal clinical signs were observed for 2 weeks after a single administration of CGX in any dose group of CGX, rats or dogs. No abnormal findings in major organs were observed in any group of rats or dogs. Conclusion: CGX does not have acute toxic effects in rats or dogs. Therefore, an approximate lethal dose is assumed to exceed 5000 mg/kg in both rats and dogs.