• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제67권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2009

Background: The pathophysiologic mechanisms of early acute lung injury (ALI) differ according to the type of primary insult. It is important to differentiate between direct and indirect pathophysiologic pathways, and this may influence the approach to treatment strategies. NF-$\kappa$B decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is a useful tool for the blockade of the expression of NF-$\kappa$B-dependent proinflammatory mediators and has been reported to be effective in indirect ALI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced direct ALI model. Methods: Five-week-old specific pathogen-free male BALB/c mice were used for the experiment. In the preliminary studies, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukine (IL)-6 and NF-$\kappa$B activity peaked at 6 hours after LPS administration. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and ALI score were highest at 36 and 48 hours, respectively. Therefore, it was decided to measure each parameter at the time of its highest level. The study mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups: (1) control group which was administered 50 ${\mu}L$ of saline and treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing only hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) vector (n=24); (2) LPS group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing only HVJ vector (n=24); (3) LPS+ODN group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing 160 ${\mu}g$ of NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN and HVJ vector (n=24). Each group was subdivided into four experimental subgroups: (1) tissue subgroup for histopathological examination for ALI at 48 hours (n=6); (2) 6-hour bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) subgroup for measurement of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 in BAL fluid (BALF) (n=6); (3) 36-hour BAL subgroup for MPO activity assays in BALF (n=6); and (4) tissue homogenate subgroup for measurement of NF-$\kappa$B activity in lung tissue homogenates at 6 hours (n=6). Results: NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN treatment significantly decreased NF-$\kappa$B activity in lung tissues. However, it failed to improve the parameters of LPS-induced direct ALI, including the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ and interleukin-6 in BALF, myeloperoxidase activity in BALF and histopathologic changes measured by the ALI score. Conclusion: NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN, which has been proven to be effective in indirect models, had no effect in the direct ALI model.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.495-500
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• 2017

본 연구는 실험동물 대상으로 하는 두 가지 구강안면통증모델을 이용하여 산자나무 추출물 H. rhamnoides (sea buckthorn)의 통증조절효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 5% formalin을 실험동물 안면부 피하($50{\mu}l$) 또는 측두하악관절($30{\mu}l$) 내로 주입하여 안면부를 긁거나 문지르는 통증행위반응을 유도하였다. Formalin의 주입으로 인한 안면부통증행위반응은 15분 이후부터 증가하여 25, 30분에 가장 높게 나타났으며 40분까지 지속되다가 45분에 감소되었다. 안면부 통증 유발 30분 전 150 mg, 300 mg/kg (1 ml)의 농도로 산자나무 추출물을 희석하여 경구투여하였다. DW를 경구투여한 대조군에서는 formalin에 의한 통증행위반응의 변화에 영향을 미치지 않았으나 산자나무 추출물(150, 300 mg/kg)의 경구투여는 각 $305.3{\pm}20.7$회, $137.3{\pm}21.8$회로 포르말린으로 유도된 안면부통증행위반응을 감소시켰다. 시간에 따른 변화의 결과로, 산자나무 추출물의 300 mg/kg 경구투여는 25~40분에서 formalin에 의해 증가된 안면부통증행위반응을 현저하게 감소시켰다. 측두하악관절에 주입한 포르말린은 $306.8{\pm}31.4$회의 통증행위반응을 나타내어 턱관절 통증을 유도하였고, 산자나무 추출물(150, 300 mg/kg)의 경구투여는 턱관절통증행위반응을 각 $184.7{\pm}20.0$회, $125.7{\pm}9.8$회로 감소시켰다. 시간의 경과에 따라 결과에서 산자나무 추출물의 경구투여는 포르말린 주입 30분에서 유의한 턱관절 통증경감효과를 나타냈다. 따라서, 본 연구의 결과는 산자나무 추출물의 구강안면 통증조절에 대한 예방적 또는 치료적 제제로의 활용가능성에 대한 기초자료로 활용가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.153-168
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• 2000

To investigate effects of Paeonia Radix Rubra aqua-acupuncture on Adjuvant Athritis in rats, the edema rate, the number of WBC, the quantity of total protein, albumin and globuline in the blood serum were measured and histological test of the muscular tissue were done in the arthritis part. 1. After arthritis of Sprague dawley(SD) rats was induced by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant for 2 weeks, normal saline was injected for the Control group and Paeonia Radix Rubra acua-acupuncture was injected for the Exp. group during 30 days. Selected point was $D{\acute{u}}bf(ST_{35})$ in both groups. And then the inframmator volume of plantar were checked. The volume of the plantar was $0.84{\pm}0.14mm$ in Control group and $0.57{\pm}0.09mm$ in Exp. group, the swelling of plantar was restricted significanily in Exp, group(P<0.05). 2. The number of WBC was $10.34{\pm}0.14(10^3/ml)$ in normal group and $37.47{\pm}5.46(10^3/ml)$ in Control group. It was $25.21{\pm}3.45(10^3/ml)$ in Exp. group. This fact showed that Exp group. with Paeonia Radix Rubra acua-acupuncture was more effective than Control group in the treatment of arthritis(P<0.05). 3. The content of total protein in the blood serum were $6.14{\pm}0.43g/d{\ell}$ in normal group, $7.95{\pm}0.94g/d{\ell}$ in Control group, and $6.82{\pm}1.23g/d{\ell}$ in Exp. group. There was no significance in total protein between Exp. group and Control group from the statistical analysis. 4. The contents of albumin in the blood serum were $2.94{\pm}0.13g/d{\ell}$ in normal group, $2.01{\pm}0.48g/d{\ell}$ in Control group and $2.75{\pm}0.14g/d{\ell}$ in Exp, group. This fact showed that Exp. group had significant increase in the serum albumin from the statistical analysis, in comparison with Control group(P<0.05). 5. The contents of globulin in the blood serum were $3.19{\pm}0.48g/d{\ell}$ in normal group, $4.70{\pm}1.26g/d{\ell}$ in Control group and $3.58{\pm}0.73g/d{\ell}$ in Exp. group. There was no significance in the serum globulin between Exp. group and Control group from the statistical analysis. 6. In histological examinadon, because inflammatory reaction was active, remarkably irregular tissue and large amount of inflammatory cells were found in Control. group. But Exp. group showed that tissues were in some degree recovered, the number of inflamed cells was decreased and inflammation was restrained. From these results, it is shown Paeonia Radix Rubra aqua-acupuncture restrained inflammatory reaction and muscular tissue necrosis in SD rat's plantar was restrained by Freund's complete adjuvant.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.156-161
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• 2008

목 적 : 막창자염은 면역기능이 저하되고 호중구가 감소된 소아암 환자에서 호발하는 괴사성 장염으로 사망률이 매우 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 항암치료 중 발생한 막창자염에 대하여 적극적인 내과적 치료와 항생제 치료를 시행하여 그 치료성적을 분석하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 8월부터 2007년 7월까지 영남대학교병원 소아과에 입원하여 항암화학요법을 받은 소아암 환자 207명 중 막창자염으로 진단받은 12명을 대상으로 의무기록을 분석하였다. 진단은 임상증상과 신체검진소견, 복부단순촬영검사, 복부초음파검사와 복부전산화단층촬영으로 하였다. 항암화학요법 시행 후 증상 발생일, 백혈구수, 절대호중구수, 치료항생제의 종류 및 치료기간과 치료결과를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 막창자염으로 임상적 진단을 받은 환자는 12명(5.7%)이었으며, 임상증상은 복부통증 및 압통 12명(100%), 발열 12명(100%), 설사 9명(75%), 구토 5명(41%), 반발압통 3명(25%) 등이었다. 항암화학요법 종료일로부터 증상 발생일까지의 기간의 중앙값은 12일(범위 3-18일)이었다. 백혈구수의 중앙값은 340 / L$(30-1,270/{\mu}L)$이었으며, 절대호중구수의 중앙값은 $116/{\mu}L(0-648/{\mu}L$)이었다. 치료는 항생제 요법과 충분한 수분 공급 및 장의 휴식 등 보존적 요법을 시행하였으며 환자 12명 모두 증상이 호전되었고, 수술적 치료를 받은 경우는 없었다. 항생제 조합의 선택에 따른 항생제 사용기간의 통계적인 차이는 없었다(P=0.74). 결 론 : 항암화학요법을 받는 소아암 환자에서 발열, 우하복부 압통, 호중구감소증이 있을 때는 막창자염을 의심하여야 하며, 조기진단 및 적극적인 내과적 치료와 항생제 요법을 시행하여 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있다고 생각된다.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.215-225
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• 1996

Aseptic meningits, an acute inflammation of the meninges, is a common illness during childhood. Virus is the most important cause of aseptic meningitis. Especially enterovirus causes approximately above 85% of all cases of aseptic meningitis. In 1993, there was a big epidemic of aseptic meningitis by ECHO 9 and ECHO 30 viruses. And ECHO 3 virus was isolated as a causative agent of aseptic meningitis in 1994. This study was aimed to detect the causative agent of aseptic meningitis in 1995 and to analyze the 5'-noncoding region which was used to detect virus. Virus was isolated from 87 stools and cerebrospinal fluid specimens of the patients by cultured RD and HEp-2 cell. Neutralizing antibody tests using enterovirus serum pool were performed on the specimens with cytopathic effect. 3 of ECHO 7 viruses and 5 of Coxsackie B3 viruses were isolated from stool specimens and 1 of ECHO 7 and Coxsackie B3 mixed type was confirmed from cerebrospinal fluid specimens. RNA was isolated from the culture supernatants of infected cells and general primers were selected in highly conserved part of the 5'-noncoding region of the enteroviral genome for RT-PCR. PCR product from this virus showed a 152bp band on gel electrophoresis. Sequence of obtained DNA was compared with prototype sequences by accessing to the Genebank database. 5'-noncoding region of isolated Coxsackie B3 virus, which has point mutations in nucleotide sequence positions 493, 497, 502, 523, was closely related to that of polio virus type 1, Mahoney strain. In case of isolated ECHO 7 virus, nucleotide has been changed from cytosine to thymine at position 581 and from thymine to cytosine at position 583. We concluded the causative agents of the outbreak of aseptic meningitis during June to July in 1995 were both ECHO 7 and Coxsackie B3 virus, and the primer used in this study could allow a rapid diagnosis of enteroviruses by PCR.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2018

Acute vascular rejection has been known as a main barrier occurring in a xenograted tissue of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase knock-out (GalT KO) pig into a non-human primate (NHP). Adenosine which is a final metabolite following sequential hydrolysis of nucleotide by ecto-nucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73, act as a regulator of coagulation, and inflammation. Thus xenotransplantation of CD39 and CD73 expressing pig under the GalT KO background could lead to enhanced survival of recipient NHP. We constructed a human CD39 and CD73 expression cassette designed for endothelial cell-specific expression using porcine Icam2 promoter (pIcam2-hCD39/hCD73). We performed isolation of endothelial cells (pAEC) from aorta of 4 week-old GalT KO and membrane cofactor protein expressing pig ($GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}$). We were able to verify that isolated cells were endothelial-like cells using immunofluorescence staining analysis with von Willebrand factor antibody, which is well known as an endothelial maker, and tubal formation assay. To find optimal condition for efficient transfection into pAEC, we performed transfection with GFP expression vector using four programs of nucleofection, M-003, U-023, W-023 and Y-022. We were able find that the program W-023 was optimal for pAEC with regard to viability and transfection efficiency by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy analyses. Finally, we were able to obtain $GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}/CD39/CD73$ pAEC expressing CD39 and CD73 at levels of 33.3% and 26.8%, respectively. We suggested that pACE isolated from $GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}$ pig might be provided as a basic resource to understand biochemical and molecular mechanisms of the rejections and as an alternative donor cells to generate $GalT^{-MCP/-MCP}/CD39/CD73$ pig expressing CD39 and CD73 at endothelial cells.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.275-287
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• 2016

Objectives: C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory biomarker, has been widely used as a preclinical marker predictive of morbidity and mortality. Although many studies have reported a positive association between CRP and mortality, uncertainty still remains about this association in various populations, especially in rural Korea. Methods: A total of 23 233 middle-aged participants (8862 men and 14 371 women) who were free from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and acute inflammation (defined by a CRP level ${\geq}10mg/L$) were drawn from 11 rural communities in Korea between 2005 and 2011. Blood CRP concentration was analyzed as a categorical variable (low: 0.0-0.9 mg/L; intermediate: 1.0-3.0 mg/L; high: 3.1-9.9 mg/L) as well as a continuous variable. Each participant's vital status through December 2013 was confirmed by death statistics from the National Statistical Office. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the independent association between CRP and mortality after adjusting for other risk factors. Results: The total quantity of observed person-years was 57 975 for men and 95 146 for women, and the number of deaths was 649 among men and 367 among women. Compared to the low-CRP group, the adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality of the intermediate group was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.40) for men and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.61) for women, and the corresponding values for the high-CRP group were 1.98 (95% CI, 1.61 to 2.42) for men and 1.41 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.95) for women. Similar trends were found for CRP evaluated as a continuous variable and for cardiovascular mortality. Conclusions: Higher CRP concentrations were associated with higher mortality in a rural Korean population, and this association was more prominent in men than in women.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.558-570
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• 2009

Background : Since March 2009, when the first patient of novel influenza A (H1N1) was reported, many deaths have occurred in North and Central America. The start of the 2009 influenza pandemic was declared by WHO Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan on 11 June 2009, and the level of influenza pandemic alert raised from phase 5 to phase 6. There was no vaccine yet developed, and many experts worried that the novel H1N1 virus could kill as many or more as did the influenza pandemic in 1918-1919. Objective : To evaluate the possibility of treatment for 2009 novel influenza A (H1N1) using herbal remedies and other non-conventional therapies. Methods : We researched the clinical studies for novel H1N1 influenza virus-related herbal medicine or non-conventional medicine treatment using internet search engines including PubMed and CNKI. In addition, we reviewed many reports and clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for influenza A (H1N1). Results : Two case series were selected after reviewing 701 papers, and two CPG published by the Chinese government and Jilin province identified. They reported that the clinical symptoms were no more significant than seasonal influenza, and the condition of patients more than 45 years old was milder than those less than 45 years old. There are no patients with gastric problems, and oseltamivir has been used at the same time in all patients. Conclusion : The efficacy and effectiveness of herbal medicine and other non-conventional treatments for the novel influenza A (H1N1) is questionable, and more studies are needed to draw a firm conclusion. However, in the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) experience in 2002/2003, it was demonstrated that herbal medicine can relieve all symptoms of SARS patients, promote absorption of lung inflammation, improve the degree of blood oxygen saturation, regulate immunological functions, reduce the required dosage of glucocorticoid and other medicines, and reduce case fatality rate. In light of the current situation that there is no vaccine or conventional treatment yet available, the study of herbal medicine and other non-conventional therapies are also necessary for appropriate evaluation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.94-99
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• 1997

Capsaicin is known to be an analgesic agent, affecting the synthesis, storage, , transport and release of substance p, the principal neurotransmitter of pain from periphery to the central nervous system(CNS). DA-5018, a newly synthesized capsaicin derivative has shown potent analgesic effect comparable to that of morphine in various rat models of experimentally inducted acute pairs. In this study the mechanism of analgesic actlvity of DA-5018 was examined. First, the electrically-evoked contraction of guinea pig trachea was inhibited by DA-5018 and these inhibition was recovered by incubation with capsafepine(3$\muM$), capsaicin receptor antagonist and this result suggested that DA-5018 has affinity on capsaicin receptor. The correlation between the norciceptive threshold and the release of substance P was evaluated. In vivo perfusion of slices of the rat spinal cord with DA-5018(10, 100$\muM$) produced a significant increase of the release of substance P and this increase was less than that of capsaicin(10$\muM$). The norciceptive threshold of rat treated with DA-5018(1 mg/kg, p.o) in tall pinch test increased from 2.9$\pm$0.3 to 23.5 $\pm$6.61. Tail pinch latency increased to a maximun at 15 min after DA-5018 treatment and then declined to control values by 120 min. The capsaicin-evoked release ot substance P from the spinal cord slices of rat treated with DA-5018 reduced from 2.38$\pm$ 0.79 to 0.69$\pm$ 0.26 pg/mg wet weight. This reduction reached to a minium at 15 min after DA-5018 treatment and then recovered to control value by 120 min. These results mean that analgesic activity of DA-5018 is due to release of substance P The effect of DA-5018 cream on electrically-evoked neurogenic inflammation of rat saphenous nerve was compared with capsaicin (zostrix-HP). DA-5018 showed 34% inhibition of the neurogenic extravasation while capsaicin showed significant 67% inhibition. This result indicates that the potency of DA-5018 in the release of substance P is less than that of capsaicin. These results suggest that the release of substance P is partially involved in the mechanism of analgesic action of DA-50l8.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.337-339
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• 2006

4년령의 중성화된 암컷 말티즈 견이 급성으로 발병하고 4일 동안 지속된 진신 진전 우측으로의 사경 수평성 안구진탕, 그리고 약간의 보행실조에 대한 평가를 위해 내원하였다. 환견은 의식이 뚜렷하고 외부자극에 잘 반응하였다. 신경계 검사 상에서 양안의 수평성-, 위치성 안구진탕 그리고 약간의 보행실조가 나타났다. 또한 양안의 위협반사가 소실된 상태였다. 중등도의 전신 긴장성 진전이 사지와 두부에서 특이적으로 관찰되었다. 혈액검사, 방사선, 그리고 자기공명영상에서 이상소견이 관찰되지 않았다. 뇌척수액의 세포학적 검사를 통해 약간의 비화농성 염증 소견을 확인하였다. 이와 같이 염증성 그리고 특발성의 특징을 가지고 있었기 때문에 스테로이드 반응성 진전 증후군이 강하게 의심되었다. 환견은 면역억제 용량으로 투여된 코르티코스테로이드에 매우 잘 반응하였다. 따라서 진전을 유발하는 다른 원인들을 배제하고, 임상증상 및 치료에 대한 반응에 근거하여 스테로이드 반응성 진전 증후군으로 최종 진단하였다. 이것은 국내에서 스테로이드 반응성 진전 증후군의 최초 보고이며, 이 질환의 임상적 그리고 신경학적 특징들을 기술하고 있다.