• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.40.2-40.2
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• 2014

The connection between the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and star formation activity is one of the most important issues in understanding the coevolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and galaxies. In our recent study, by using SDSS quasar spectra we found that the emission-line flux rations involving a nitrogen line, i.e., $NV{\lambda}1240$, correlate with the Eddington ratio. This correlation suggests that the mass accretion into SMBH is associated with a post-starburst phase, when AGB stars enrich the interstellar medium with the nitrogen. Moreover, we focused on nitrogen-loud quasars, which have prominent emission lines of the nitrogen, to investigate whether this argument is correct or not. We will present our recent results described above and discuss the relation between the star formation and feeding to SMBHs.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.29-29
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• 2014

A fundamental problem in space physics is to explain the origin of energetic charged particles in space close to the Earth and the significant temporal variations of their flux. The particles are primarily electrons and protons although energetic heavy ions such as O+ are sometimes non-negligible. By "energetic" we mean a rather broad energy range of particles from a few tens of keV to well above MeV. Drastic variations of the particle fluxes (by >3 orders of magnitude) occur over both a short time scale like a few minutes and a long time scale like the 11-year sunspot cycle. In this talk I will focus on relativistic energy electrons (~MeV) trapped within the Earth's magnetosphere. They are a primary element of the space weather since they can cause damage to satellites, so often called "killer electrons". Considering that the source particles in both the solar wind and the ionosphere are relatively cold (~eV), the quasi-permanent existence of these very energetic particles close to the Earth has been a surprise to space physicists for decades. Complex electromagnetic processes such as wave-particle interactions within the magnetosphere are believed to play a major role in generating these killer electrons. While detailed physics remains an active research area, for this lecture I will introduce a synthesized picture of how solar activities are related to wave-particle interaction physics inside the magnetosphere. This can be applied to other astrophysical systems.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.173-187
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• 2015

The goal of present work is the preparation of a novel positively charged nanofiltration (NF) membrane and its development for the cation removal of aqueous solutions. This NF membrane was fabricated by the surface modification of polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration support. The active top-layer was formed by interfacial cross-linking polymerization of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) with p-xylylene dichloride (XDC) and then quaternized with methyl iodide to form a perpetually positively charged layer. In order to improve the efficiency of nanofiltration membrane, the concentration of PEI, XDC and methyl iodide solutions, PEI coating and cross-linking time have been optimized. As a result, a high water flux and high $CaCl_2$ rejection (1,000 ppm) was obtained for the composite membrane with values of $18.29L/m^2.h$ and 93.62% at 4 bar and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. The rejections of NF membrane for different salt solutions followed the order of $Na_2SO_4$ < $MgSO_4$ < NaCl < $CaCl_2$. Molecular weight of cut off (MWCO) was calculated via retaining of PEG solutions with different molecular weights that finally, it revealed the Stokes and hydrodynamic radius of 1.457 and 2.507 nm on the membrane selective layer, respectively. The most efficient positively charged nanofiltration membrane exhibited a $Ni^{2+}$ rejection of 96.26% for industrial wastewater from Shamse Hadaf Co. (Kashan, Iran).

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.305-312
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• 2012

We numerically demonstrate the performance of a plasmonic lens composed of an array of nanoslits perforated on thin metallic film with slanted cuts on the output surface. Embedding Kerr nonlinear material in nanoslits is employed to modulate the output beam. A two dimensional nonlinear-dispersive finite-difference time-domain (2D N-D-FDTD) method is utilized. The performance parameters of the proposed lens such as focal length, full-width half-maximum, depth of focus and the efficiency of focusing are investigated. The structure is illuminated by a TM-polarized plane wave and a Gaussian beam. The effect of the beam waist of the Gaussian beam and the incident light intensity on the focusing effect is explored. An exact formula is proposed to derive electric field E from electric flux density D in a Kerr-Dispersive medium. Surface plasmon (SPs) modes and Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonances are used to explain the physical origin of the light focusing phenomenon. Focused ion beam milling can be implemented to fabricate the proposed lens. It can find valuable potential applications in integrated optics and for tuning purposes.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.137.1-137.1
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• 2012

If all Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) have flux ropes, then the CMEs should keep their helicity signs from the Sun to the Earth according to the helicity conservation principle. We select 34 CME-ICME pairs whose source active regions (ARs) have continuous SOHO/MDI magnetogram data covering more than 24 hr without data gap during the passage of the ARs near the solar disk centre. The helicity signs in the ARs are determined by estimation of accumulating amounts of helicity injections through the photospheric surfaces in the entire source ARs. The helicity signs in the ICMEs are estimated by applying the cylinder model developed by Marubashi (2000) to 16 second resolution magnetic field data from the MAG instrument onboard the ACE spacecraft. It is found that 30 out of 34 events (88%) are helicity sign-consistent events, while 4 events (12%) are sign-inconsistent. Through a detailed investigation of the AR solar origins of the 4 exceptional events, we find that those exceptional events can be explained by the local AR helicity sign opposite to that of the entire AR helicity (2000 July 28 ICME), incorrectly reported solar source in CDAW (2005 May 20 ICME), or the helicity sign of the pre-existing coronal magnetic field (2000 October 13 and 2003 November 20 ICMEs). We conclude that the helicity signs of the ICMEs are quite consistent with those of the injected helicities in the AR regions where CMEs were erupted.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.1339-1342
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• 2005

This paper presents a simple AC-DC power conditioner for a squirell-cage induction generator(IG) operating under variable shaft speeds. The necessary reactive power for the IG system is supplied by means of a capacitor bank and a voltage-source PWM converter. Using a capacitor bank to transfer the reactive power to the IG under the rated speed and no-load conditions starts the IG operation and reduces the PWM power converter size. A simple control compensating for changes in the electrical loads as well as the variation in speed was developed to regulate the voltages of the IG system by controlling the rotor flux through its reactive and active currents control implementation. This proposed power conditioning scheme can be used efficiently as a wind power generation system where the output voltage of the IG is maintained constant voltage despite the variable frequency and the DC bus voltage of the PWM converter can be used for either DC applications such as battery charging or AC power applications with 60/50 Hz by connecting a stand alone inverter. The experimental and simulated operating performance results of a 5 kW IG scheme at various speeds and leads are presented.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.959-967
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• 2012

The theory for a new electromagnetically biased diskless combined radial and axial magnetic bearing is developed. A typical magnetic bearing system is composed of two radial magnetic bearings and an axial magnetic bearing. The axial magnetic bearing with a large axial disk usually limits rotor dynamic performance and makes assembling and disassembling difficult for maintenance work. This paper proposes a novel electromagnet biased integrated radial-axial magnetic bearing without axial disk. This integrated magnetic bearing uses two axial coils to provide the bias flux to the radial and axial air gaps of the combined bearing. The axial magnetic bearing unit in this combined magnetic bearing utilizes reluctance forces developed in the non-uniform air gaps such that the axial disk can be removed from the bearing unit. The 4-pole homopolar type radial magnetic bearing unit is also designed and analyzed. Three dimensional finite element model for the bearing is also developed and analyzed to illustrate the diskless combined magnetic bearing.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2000

Sound intensity method is well known as a visualization technique of sound field or sound propagation in noise control. Sound intensity or energy flux is a vector quantity which describes the amount and the direction of net flow of acoustic energy at a given position. Especially two dimensional sound intensity method is very useful in evaluating periodic characteristics and acoustic propagation mode of noise source. In this paper, we have studied the noise source Identification, acoustic sound field analysis, and characteristics of noise source of rotary compressor and scroll compressor for air conditioner using complex sound intensity method. Also we proposed a now method of time domain analysis which is used in evaluating of position of noise source in rotary and scroll compressor in this paper This paper presents the advantage, simplicity and economical efficiency of this method by analysing the characteristics of noise source with two dimensional complex sound intensity simultaneously.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.237-243
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• 2018

In-rich InGaN epilayers were grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (RF-MBE). InGaN epilayers grown at various growth condition were observed by SEM, XRD, and RHEED. When plasma power of nitrogen increased from 290 to 350 W, surface morphology and crystal quality became worse according to more active nitrogen on the surface of InGaN at N-rich growth condition. As In composition was reduced from 89 to 71% by changing the incoming flux of In and Ga, surface morphology and crystal quality became worse. In addition, weak peaks of cubic InGaN phase was observed from InGaN layer with 71% In composition by XRD ${\Phi}$ scan measurement. When growth temperature decreased from 500 to $400^{\circ}C$, RHEED diffraction pattern was changed to be from streaky to spotty which means atomically rough surface, and spotty pattern showed cubic symmetry of InGaN clearly. XRD ${\Phi}$ scan measurement gave clear evidence that more cubic InGaN phase was formed at low growth temperature. All these results indicates that extremely low surface mobility of Ga adatom caused inferior crystal quality and cubic InGaN phase.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.185-195
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• 2018

Galaxy clusters are known to host many active galaxies (AGNs) with radio jets, which could expand to form radio bubbles with relativistic electrons in the intracluster medium (ICM). It has been suggested that fossil relativistic electrons contained in remnant bubbles from extinct radio galaxies can be re-accelerated to radio-emitting energies by merger-driven shocks via diffusive shock acceleration (DSA), leading to the birth of radio relics detected in clusters. In this study we assume that such bubble consist primarily of thermal gas entrained from the surrounding medium and dynamically-insignificant amounts of relativistic electrons. We also consider several realistic models for magnetic fields in the cluster outskirts, including the ICM field that scales with the gas density as $B_{ICM}{\infty}n^{0.5}_{ICM}$. Then we perform time-dependent DSA simulations of a spherical shock that runs into a lower-density but higher-temperature bubble with the ratio $n_b/n_{ICM}{\approx}T_{ICM}/T_b{\approx}0.5$. We find that inside the bubble the shock speed increases by about 20 %, but the Mach number decreases by about 15% in the case under consideration. In this re-acceleration model, the observed properties of a radio relic such as radio flux, spectral index, and integrated spectrum would be governed mainly by the presence of seed relativistic electrons and the magnetic field profile as well as shock dynamics. Thus it is crucial to understand how fossil electrons are deposited by AGNs in the ICM and how the downstream magnetic field evolves behind the shock in detailed modeling of radio relics.