• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2005

Nitric Oxide (NO), derived from L-arginine, is produced by two types (constitutive and inducible) of nitric oxide synthase (NOS: cNOS and iNOS). The NO produced in large amounts by the iNOS is known to be responsible for the vasodilation and hypotension observed in septic shock, cancer metastasis and inflammation. The inhibitors of iNOS, thus, may be useful candidates for the treatment of inflammatory diseases accompanied by the overproduction of NO. We prepared alcoholic extracts of herbal drugs which have been used for the treatment of inflammation in oriental medicine. We have screened the inhibitory activity of NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages after the treatment of these extracts. Among 82 kinds of extracts of herbal drugs, 35 extracts showed the potent inhibitory activity of NO production above 50% at the concentration of $50\;{\mu}g/mL$. The inhibitory activities of NO production were also evaluated for several solvent fractions at two different concentrations. Especially, hexane and EtOAc fractions of Alpinia officinarum, Angelica gigas, Ostericum koreanum, Saussurea lappa, Torilis japonica, and hexane fractions of Agrimonia pilosa, Machilus thunbergii, Hydrangea serrata, Magnolia obovata, Prunella vulgaris, Tussilago farfara, and EtOAC fractions of Perilla frutescence showed a significant activity at 10 and/or $25\;{\mu}g/mL$. In Western blot analysis, the hexane fractions ($5\;{\mu}g/mL$) of Magnolia obovata and Saussurea lappa, and EtOAc fractions ($20\;{\mu}g/mL$) of Hydrangea Serrata, Perilla frutescence and Torilis japonica inhibited the expression of iNOS protein in LPS-activated macrophages. These plants may be promising candidates for the study of the activity-guided purification of active compounds and might be useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and endotoxemia accompanying overproduction of NO.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.1008-1015
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• 2009

The goal of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. In this study induction of apoptosis by methanol extract of rosemary and their fractions were investigated in vitro. In examining the effect of rosemary methanol extract on the inhibition of growth of Hela, HepG2, A549, AGS cells and HT-29 cell, it was found that the methanol extract of rosemary and their fractions demonstrated a cytotoxic effect in a dose-dependent manner; in addition, hexane and chloroform fractions showed a particularly high cytotoxic effect on Hela and AGS cells. The results showed that the hexane and chloroform fractions of rosemary have cytotoxic effect which are related to the activity of the essential oil in the rosemary. Apoptosis in Hela and AGS cells mediated by the hexane and chloroform fractions was associated with the increase of cleaved caspase-3 levels and cleaved PARP. Therefore, with more researches on identification and action mechanism of active compound, the hexane and chloroform fractions are expected to be natural sources for the developments of functional food and medical agents to prevent gastric cancer and uterus cancer.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.951-962
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• 2015

To develop environment-friendly agricultural products with anti-microbial activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as a pathogen of sclerotium disease, Aristolochia tagala Champ. was extracted by methanol and its extract was fractionated into several solvent fractions. The chloroform fraction, which showed the highest antimicrobial activity, was separated by column chromatography and obtained forty three subfractions. The forty three fractions were searched the anti-fungal activities by bioassay. The most active No. 26 subfraction was analyzed by GC-MS. Each mass spectra, corresponding to each peak of chromatogram, was compared to MS database of Wiley library. As a result, 2,4-di-tetra-butyl-phenol, 2-mono-palmitin, 1-mono-stearin were profiled as maine compounds in No. 26 subfraction. Bioassay using commercial 1-mono-stearin to test for the anti-microbial activity conformed the antimicrobial active compound. In conclusion, 1-mono-stearin identified from Aristolochia tagala Champ. was antimicrobial chemical against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

• CELLMED
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.20.1-20.5
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• 2012

$Gynura$ $segetum$ (Lour.) Merr. ($Compositae$) is a well recognized medicinal plant in Indonesia and Malaysia. It is believed to have an anticoagulant effect and is used in treating snake-bites, inflammations and other skin afflictions. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of $Gynura$ $segetum$ leaves extracts and its fractions. The chemical compositions of the active extracts were also determined. The antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts of leaves of $Gynura$ $segetum$ were evaluated using the agar well-diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the active subfractions was determined by the tube dilution method. Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was carried out to identify the chemical compositions of the active extracts. The ethyl acetate fraction and its subfraction E4 performed potent antimicrobial activities and fifteen known chemical constituents were identified by GCMS analysis as 4-vinylphenol, 1-tetradecene, phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), 1-hexadecene, E-15-heptadecenal, hexadecanoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester, 1-docosene, octadecanoic acid, 1-eicosene, cyclotetracosane, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester, butanedioic acid, monomethyl ester, niacin and 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid. The results of this study suggested a connection between the antimicrobial activities and the chemical structures. The plant may be used as a potential source for antimicrobial agents.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.148-153
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• 1996

Activation of the T lymphocytes results in a variety of early biochemical events ultimately leading to cell proliferation and lymphokine production. Stimulation of the signal transduction cascade in T cells through the T cell receptor coincides with activation of the phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) pathway. Therefore, we have established a model system to screen immune-simulator that can increase the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides in human T cell leukemia Jurkat cells. As a result of screening from herbal medicine extract, 4 extracts (O1ibanum, Ephedrae Herba, Real Gar, Saussureae Radix) were found 14 increase the production of inositol phosphates. All the active fraction from the four kinds of extract were fluted in a different retention time on C-18 HPLC and these active fraction also showed difference in cell specificity. And all the active fractions increased DNA synthesis in T cell. Therefore, it is suggested that the active fraction among 4 extracts might contain a compound having different properties one another.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.207-218
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• 2020

In this study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activities of the extracts from the leaves of the Hydrangea petiolaris were identified, and the chemical structure was identified by separating the active ingredient. As the result of the anti-inflammatory activity experiment using RAW 264.7 cells, it was confirmed that the n-hexane (Hex) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of iNOS protein in a concentration-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. In addition, the n-Hex and EtOAc fractions reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Upon the anti-bacterial tests using Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes, the extract, n-Hex, EtOAc and n-butanol (BuOH) fractions showed potent activities. In order to isolate the active constituents, the n-Hex and EtOAc fractions were further purified to afford four phytochemicals; phytol (1), corosolic acid (2), asiatic acid (3) and 1-O-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (4). All of the compounds 1 - 4 were isolated for the first time from this plant. In addition, the contents of isolated compounds were determined by HPLC and the quantity of phytol (1) was 27.8 mg/g for the 70% EtOH extract. Based on the above research results, it is believed that it will be possible to develop a natural cosmetic material that has anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects using the extract of H. petiolaris leaves.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 1995

Inhibitory effects of 130 medicinal plants on hyaluronidase activity were analyzed. The medicinal plants are clinically used as herbal medicines for korean traditional prescriptions. Six out of the 130 herbal medicines exhibited more than 50% of inhibition on hyaluronidase activity by their total methanol extracts with 5mg/ml as a final concentration. The active total methanol extracts were prepared from cortex of Acantbopanax gracilistylus, lignum of Caesalpinia sappan, radix of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, radicis cortex of Morus alba, herba of Prunella vulgaris, and radix of Sanguisorba officinalis. These active total methanol extracts were sequentially fractionated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and then water. Among the solvent-fractionated extracts, the butanol fractions of Acantbopanax gracilistylus and Glycyrrhiza uralensis with 1 mg/ml as the final concentration exhibited more than 50% of inhibition on hyaluronidase activity, and the other fractions with the same concentration did less than 20% of inhibition.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 1997

A rat chemokine, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) has chemotactic and activating properties to neutrophils. Rat kidney epithelioid NRK-52E cells contained 4 ng/ml of ClNC-1 as a basal level and their CINC-1 production was significantly increased by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of E. coli. Maximal induction of ClNC-1 was 58 ng/ml when 3 ${\mu}g/ml$ of LPS was treated to the NRK-52E cells. Inhibitory effects on CINC-1 induction in LPS-stimulated NRK-52E cells by extracts prepared from herbal medicines and wild plants in Korea were analyzed. At the final concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ , 9 species out of 304 species of herbal extracts exhibited more than 50% of inhibition on the CINC-1 induction. The active extracts prepared from Artemisia argyi, Lythrum salicaria, Machilus thunbergii, Magnolia sieboldii, Nelumbo nucifera, Prunus persica, Rubus coreanus, Sanguisorba officinalis, and Tripterygium regelii have been sequentially fractionated to obtain methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous layers. Among solvent fractions of the active herbal extracts, methylene chloride fractions of Artemisia argyi and Magnolia sieboldii exhibited the highest inhibitory effects on CINC-1 induction in LPS-stimulated NRK-52E cells.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.909-915
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• 1997

The nitrite scavenging effect of methanol extracts of marine algae were evaluated to discover new natural nitrite scavengers. Among the tested seaweeds, Ecklonia stolonifera, an edible brown algae, showed the strongest scavenging effect. The MeOH extract was then sequentially partitioned into $CH_2Cl_2,\;CH_2Cl_2$ insoluble interface, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and $H_2O$ layers. The EtOAc and n-BuOH fraction demonstrated high levels of nitrite-scavenging activity while the $CH_2Cl_2,\;CH_2Cl_2$ insoluble interface, and $H_2O$ fractions were inactive. A column chromatography of the EtOAc fraction through silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 yielded phloroglucinol and a new compound tentatively named phlorotannin A. The nitrite scavenging activity of phloroglucinol $(IC_{50}=3.9{\mu}g/ml)$ was more potent than that of L-ascorbic acid $(IC_{50}=65.0{\mu}g/ml)$. However, phlorotannin A $(IC_{50}=193.2{\mu}g/ml)$ showed only low levels of activity. From the above results, it is possible to suggest that both the MeOH extract and their fractions and isolated phloroglucinol and phlorotannin A obtained from E. stolonifera may be applicable as scavengers of nitrite, which is a precursor for the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 2005

Seven brown algal species (Ecklonia cava, Ishige okamurae, Sargassum fulvellum, Sargassum horneri, Sargassum coreanum, Sargassum thunbergii and Scytosiphon lomentaria) were hydrolyzed using five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme and Alcalase) and screened for angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. Most algal species examined showed good ACE inhibitory activities after the enzymatic hydrolysis. However, E. cava was the most potent ACE inhibitor of the seven species. Flavourzyme digest of E. cava exhibited an $IC_{50}$ of around $0.3\;{\mu}g/mL$ for ACE; captopril has an $IC_{50}$ of $\~0.05\;{\mu}g/mL$. The Flavourzyme digest was separated to three fractions by an ultrafiltration membrane (5, 10, 30 kDa MWCO) system according to the molecular weights. The active components were mainly concentrated in >30 kD fraction which are composed of the highest protein content $(27\%)$ and phenolic content (261 mg/100 mL) compared to the other two smaller molecular weight fractions. Therefore, the active compounds appear to be relatively high molecular weight complex molecules associated with protein (glycoprotein) and polyphenols. Therefore, E. cave is a potential source of antihypertensive compound.