• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.12
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• pp.1247-1251
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• 2007

Purpose : Pathologically, Kawasaki disease (KD) is associated with widespread vascular endothelial damage in the acute phase. The vasculitis induced endothelial injury leads to coagulation abnormalities. Abnormalities of endothelial function, platelet activation, and fibrinolysis are present during acute phase and long after the onset of KD. The aim of study is to evaluate the change of hemostatic markers in the clinical stages of KD and to assess the hemostatic markers to be a useful indicator of the development of coronary artery lesion (CAL). Methods : Seventy four KD patients diagnosed in Chungnam National University Hospital from November 2004 to June 2007. Eleven febrile control and eleven healthy children were selected for healthy control. All blood samples were collected before and after Intravenous gammaglobulin (IVGG), $2^{nd}$ week, and $4^{th}-8^{th}$ week of illness of KD. Results : Initial D-dimer level of Kawasaki disease showed meaningful difference compared to control group (P<0.05). D-dimer and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) before IVGG increased compared with normal control group and decreased after IVGG administration. It is normalized until 2 weeks later, and continue to decreasing. D-dimer and FDP were significantly different according to the CAL before IVGG. Conclusion : The hemostatic markers may change to the clinical stage of KD, which may suggest the degree of endothelial injury. Increased some hemostatic markers may be the predictors for development of CAL.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 1982

These experiments were conducted to investigate the enzymatic characteristics of the purified $\alpha$-amylase (F-2A) of Bacillus circulans F-2 and the digestion rate of various starches. 1. The molecular weight was estimated to be 93000 by SDS-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point was about pH 5.0. The optimum pH for the enzyme action was 6.0-6.5 and the stable pH ranged pH 5.5-12.0. The optimum temperature was 6$0^{\circ}C$, and the purified $\alpha$-amylase was stable below 4$0^{\circ}C$. 2. The purified $\alpha$-amylase was activated by Mn$^{＋＋}$ and Co$^{＋＋}$, whereas it was inhibited by Ag$^{＋}$, HT$^{＋＋}$, Cu$^{＋＋}$ and Pb$^{＋＋}$. 3. The purified $\alpha$-amylase is considered to have no sulfhydryl residue essential for its catalytic activity. 4. Michaelis constant (Km) was 1.704 mg/$m\ell$. Activation energy between 25-4$0^{\circ}C$ was 12.297 Kcal/mole, and between 40-6$0^{\circ}C$, it was 7.831 Kcal/mole. 5. The hydrolysis product from soluble starch, amylose and amylopectin in the early stage of hydrolysis was G$_{6}$, and as hydrolysis proceeds, G$_4$and G$_2$appeared. 6. Products from each oligosaccarides are as follows: G$_4$longrightarrow G$_2$＋ G$_2$,G$_3$ ＋G$_1$,G$_{5}$longrightarrow G$_4$＋G$_1$,G$_{6}$longrightarrowG$_4$＋ G$_2$,G$_{7}$ G$_4$,G$_{8}$longrightarrow G$_4$＋G$_4$, 7. On raw potato starch, raw sago starch and raw yam starch, the purified enzyme exhibited a remarkably high digestion rate than Porcine pancreatic amylase and Streptococcus bovis amylase.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 1996

Since it has been reported that the depolarization-induced NE release is inhibited by activation of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor in hippocampus, a large body of experimental data on the post-receptor mechanism of this process has been accumulated. But, the post-receptor mechanism of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ receptor on the NE release has not been clearly elucidated yet. Therefore, it was attempted to clarify the participation of $K^+-channel$ in the post-receptor mechanisms of the $A_1-adenosine$ receptor-mediated control of NE release in this study. Slices from rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $^3H-norepinephrine$ and the release of the labelled products was evoked by electrical stimulation (3 Hz, 5 $VCm^{-1}$, 2 ms, rectangular pulses), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium-outflow was investigated. Adenosine, in concentrations ranging from $1{\sim}30\;{\mu}M$, decreased the NE release in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting the basal rate of release. 4AP $(1{\sim}30{\mu}M)$, a specific A-type $K^+-channel$ blocker, increased the evoked NE release in a dose-related fashion, and the basal rate of release is increased by 10 and $30{\mu}M$. TEA $(1{\sim}10{\mu}\;M)$, a nonspecific $K^+-channel$ blocker, increased the evoked NE release in a dose-dependent manner without affecting basal release. The adenosine effects were significantly inhibites by 3 ${\mu}M$ 4AP and 10 mM TEA treatment. 4AP $(30{\mu}M)-$ and TEA (10 mM)-induced increments of evoked NE release were completely abolished in $Ca^{++} free, but these were recoverd in low $Ca^{++} medium. And the effects of $K^+-channel$ blockers in low $Ca^{++} medium were inhibites and abolishes by $Mg^{++} (4 mM) adding and TTX $(0.3{\mu}M)$ adding medium, respectively. These results suggest that the decrement of the evoked NE-release by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is mediated by 4AP and TEA sensitive $K^+-channel$.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 1992

As it has been reported that the depolarization-induced acetylcholine (ACh) release is modulated by activation of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor in hippocampus and various lines of evidence indicate the involvement of adenylate cyclase system in $A_1-adenosine$ post-receptor mechanism in hippocampus, it was attempted to delineate the role of adenylate cyclase system in the $A_1-receptor-mediated$ control of ACh release in this study. Slices from rat hippocampus were incubated with $[^3H]-choline$ and the release of the labelled products was evoked by electrical stimulation $(3\;Hz,\;5\;Vcm^{-1},\;2\;ms,\;rectangular\;pulses)$, and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium-outflow was investigated. $N^6-cyclopentyladenosine$ (CPA), a specific $A_1-adenosine$ receptor agonist, in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to $10\;{\mu}M$, decreased the $[^3H]-ACh$ release in a dose-dependent manner without the changes of basal rate of release. 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine $(DPCPX,\;1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$, a selective $A_1-receptor$ antagonist, increased the $[^3H]-ACh$ release in a dose-related fashion with slight increase of basal tritium-release. And the CPA effects were significantly inhibited by DPCPX $(2\;{\mu}M)$ pretreatment and the dose-response curve produced by CPA was shifted to the right. The responses to N-ethylmaleimide $(NEM,\;10\;&\;30\;{\mu}M)$, a SH-alkylating agent of G-protein, were characterized by increments of the evoked ACh-release and the basal release, and the CPA effect were completely abolished by NEM pretreatment. Forskolin, a specific adenylate cyclase activator, in concentrations ranging from 0.3 to $10\;{\mu}M$, increased the evoked ACh-release in a dose-dependent manner and the CPA effects were inhibited by forskolin. These results indicate that the $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor plays an important role in ACh-release via nucleotide-binding protein Gi in the rat hippocampus and that the adenylate cyclase system might be participated in this process.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-272
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• 1994

Since it was been reported that the depolarization-induced ACh release is inhibited by activation of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ heteroreceptor in hippocampus, a large body of experimental data on the post-receptor mechanism of this process has been accumulated. But, the post-receptor mechanism of presynaptic $A_1-adenosine$ receptor on the ACh release has not been clearly elucidated yet. Therefore, it was attempted to clarify the post-receptor mechanisms of the $A_1-adenosine$ receptor-mediated control of ACh release in this study. Slices from rat hippocampus were equilibrated with $^3H-choline$ and the release of the labelled products was evoked by electrical stimulation (3 Hz, 5 $VCm^{-1}$, 2ms, rectangular pulses), and the influence of various agents on the evoked tritium-outflow was investigated. Adenosine, in concentrations ranging from $0.3{\sim}300\;{\mu}M$, decreased the ACh release in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting the basal rate of release. The adenosine effects were significantly inhibited by $DPCPX\;(2\;{\mu}M)$, a selective $A_1-receptor$ antagonist. The responses to N-ethylmaleimide $(10&30{\mu}M)$, a SH-alkylating agent of G-protein, were characterized by increments of the evoked ACh-release and the basal release, and the adenosine effects were completely abolished by NEM pretreatment. PDB $(1{\sim}10\;{\mu}M)$, a specific protein kinase C (PKC) activator, increased, whereas PMB $(0.03{\sim}1\;mg)$, a PKC inhibitor, decreased the evoked ACh-release, and the adenosine effects were not affected by these agents. Nifedipine $(1\;{\mu}M)$, a $Ca^{2+}\;-channel$ blocker of dihydropyridine analogue, significantly inhibited the adenosine effect, but glibenclamide, a $K^+-channel$ blocker, did not. Finally, 8-bromo cyclic AMP $(100\;&\;300{\mu}M)$, a membrane-permeable analogue of cAMP, did not alter the ACh release, but adenosine effects were inhibited by pretreatment with large dose of 8-br-cAMP $(300\;{\mu}M)$. These results indicate that the decrement of the evoked ACh-release by $A_1-adenosine$ receptor is mediated by the G-protein, and nifedipine-sensitive $Ca^{2+}-channel$ and adenylate cyclase system are coupled partly to this effect, and that protein kinase C and glibenclamide-sensitive $K{^+}-channel$ are not involved in this process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.53-66
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to suggest indicator-based selection and improvement plans for evaluating urban regeneration projects. First, we selected the indicators by conducting expert surveys and analysis of the responses received. Additionally, using the selected indicators, we analyzed the residents' opinions in Wongogae Village, where urban regeneration projects were in progress. Based on these, we suggested a plan to improve Wongogae Village. According to the study, we classified the urban regeneration evaluation indicators into 'Physical environment', 'Social environment' and 'Economic environment' according to their characteristics. We selected urban regeneration evaluation factors through the first expert survey and MCB analysis. As a result, we selected six factors for the 'Physical environment' category: 'Traffic and pedestrian environment', 'Residential (housing) environment', 'Safety and security environment', 'Greenspace', 'Landscape improvement' and 'Public space', In the 'Social environment' category, four factors were chosen: 'Resident participation', 'Community activation', 'Role of the local government and support centers' and 'Resident education' while for the 'Economic environment' category three factors were selected: 'Local economic revitalization', 'Creating an economy-based environment', 'Job creation'. Next, we conducted a second expert survey and carried out an AHP analysis using the selected evaluation factors to derive the overall weight for each. Among the evaluation factors for urban regeneration, the 'Residential (housing) environment' has the highest weighted value of 0.108, followed by 'Local economic revitalization' and 'Resident participation'. Lastly, the analysis of the residents' opinions of Wongogae Village using the urban regeneration evaluation factors, Parking environment', 'Maintenance of old houses and living environment', 'Environment for founding town and social enterprises', 'Improve commercial and business environment', 'Maintain and activate existing business' and 'Vitalizing small regional economies such as domestic handicrafts and side-job' had high overall importance, but low satisfaction, which means that it is necessary to improve the focus. Therefore, in order to improve the urban regeneration project in villages, it is necessary to improve the parking environment by expanding public parking lots, eliminate close houses, and idle lands, or open a school playground in the village for the residents. In addition, it is essential to encourage economic activities, such as fostering village enterprises and social enterprises in connection with cooperatives and allow for the selling of the products through resident activities, such as neighboring markets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.76-82
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• 2009

Wheat is the most widely cultivated cereal and an important source of dietary protein worldwide. Wheat allergy, defined as an adverse immunologic reaction to wheat, encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders with different pathomechanisms and clinical manifestation. The Nuruk, a traditional Korean Koji for brewing, was made with wheat flour and fermenting microbes such as bacteria, yeast and mold. The strains grown on Nuruk secrete various enzymes as amylase and protease. By the activation of such enzymes, starch and proteins in Nuruk are hydrolyzed to sugar and amino acid. Therefore, it is supposed to reduce allergic proteins in wheat. To study quality properties and degradation degree of allergenicity in Nuruk by fermentation, we investigated the changes of general ingredients and allergenicity in Nuruk during fermentation. Moisture contents was decreased from 24.2% to 13.6% during fermentation. Crude lipid and protein contents were gradually increased during fermentation. After 15 days of fermentation, reducing sugar and total sugar contents were reached its maximum level, and they were 27.45% and 39.00%, respectively. Acid and neutral protease activity were significantly increased during fermentation, but alkaline protease activity was not detected. ${\alpha}$-amylase activity was gradually increased and showed maximum level about 2,833.00 U/g after 15 days of fermentation. Glucoamylase activity was the highest level about 497.9 U/g after 10 days of fermentation. The increase of these proteolytic and saccharogenic enzyme activities will provide efficient condition for production of rice wine. Also, protein fractions were isolated from Nuruk, and degradation of these proteins during fermentation were confirmed by SDS-PAGE. IgE immunoblotting using patient's sera with wheat allergy was performed to confirm allergenic protein in Nuruk. These results as fermentation of Nuruk will provide a useful tool for developing safer wheat products to prevent wheat allergy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 1993

Background: The Microbicidal and cytotoxic activities of neutrophils are to a large extent dependent on a burst of oxidative metabolism which generates superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and other reactive products of oxygen. The respiratory burst of PMN is initiated by intracellular calcium mobilization that follows immune or particular stimulation and is very sensitive to modulation by c-AMP or adenosine. Despite its antagonism against adenosine, earlier study has demonstrated potent theophylline inhibition of the PMN respiratory burst at variable ranges of blood concentrations of theophylline in the healthy normal volunteers and in the septic animals pretreated or early post-treated with aminophylline (AMPH) or pentoxifylline. However it is unclear whether theophylline inhibits the superoxide generation or not in the established human sepsis caused by acute pneumonia, as taking into consideration of the fact that full activation of neutrophils have occurred within minutes after the septic insult in the animal experiments. Methods: We measured the $O_2$ generation of peripheral arterial neutrophils obtained from 11 human septic subjects caused by acute pneumonia before and 1 hour after completion of continuous AMPH infusion. Patients were identified and studied within 48 hour of admission. All subjects were administered an intravenous loading and maintenance dose of AMPH. The generation of $O_2$ was measured at a discrete time point (60 min) by the reduction of ferricytochrome c.PMA (10 ${\mu}g/ml$) was used as a stimulating agent. PMNs were isolated at a concentration of $2{\times}10^6$ cells/ml. The arterial oxygen tension, blood pressure and heart rates were also checked to evaluate the systemic effects of AMPH in the acute pneumonia. Results: The mean serum concentration of AMPH at 60 minutes was $8.8{\pm}0.6{\mu}g/ml$. Sixty minutes after AMPH infusion the generatition of $O_2$ was decreased from $0.076{\pm}0.034$ to $0.013{\pm}0.004$(OD) (p<0.05) and from $0.177{\pm}0.044$ to $0.095{\pm}0.042$(OD) (p<0.01) in the resting and stimulated PMNs respectively. $PaO_2$ was not changed after AMPH infusion. Conclusion: AMPH may compromise host defense by significant inhibition of neutrophil release of superoxide anion and it had no effect on improving $PaO_2$ in the acute pneumonia.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.797-805
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• 2013

The varying characteristics between Korean's commercial and traditional soy sauces may be initiated by raw materials and fermentation techniques such as the koji and mezu process. We have examined properties of polysaccharides isolated from two different soy sauces which were made by the commercial process (CSP-0) and the traditional Korean process (KTSP-0) as well as their macrophage activities. Two polysaccharides have not effected the RAW 264.7 cells viability. The effects of CSP-0 and KTSP-0 on RAW 264.7 cells were demonstrated by the production of nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The CSP-0 and KTSP-0 significantly augmented NO and ROS productions by RAW 264.7 cells under a dose dependent manner. However, the activity of KTSP-0 was more potent than that of the CSP-0 at $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The productions of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ were determined by real-time PCR and ELISA. mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ by KTSP-0 at $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ indicated 63 and 71 times higher than negative controls, respectively. Also, the production of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ by KTSP-0 at $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ showed 32.1 and 4.5 times higher than those by the CSP-0. To assess phagocytosis activities, the effects of CSP-0 and KTSP-0 on mRNA expression of Fc receptor I and II (FcR I, II) are being determined by RT-PCR products. Only the KTSP-0 showed enhanced expressions of mRNA expression for FcR I in a dose dependent manner, whereas the CSP-0 did not affect either the FcR I or II expressions. The above data lead us to conclude that the macrophage activations of Korean traditional soy sauce polysaccharide are higher than that of the commercial soy sauce polysaccharide.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.3 s.98
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• pp.169-183
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• 2003

Tooth movement by orthodontic force effects great tissue changes within the periodontium, especially by shifting the blood flow in the pressure side and resulting in a hypoxic state of low oxygen tension. The aim of this study is to elucidate the possible mechanism of apoptosis in response to hypoxia in MC3T3El osteoblasts, the main cells in bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. MC3T3El osteoblasts under hypoxic conditions ($2\%$ orygen) resulted in apoptosis in a time-dependent manner as estimated by DNA fragmentation assay and nuclear morphology stained with fluorescent dye, Hoechst 33258. Pretreatment with Z-VAD-FMK, a pancaspase inhibitor, or Z-DEVD-CHO, a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, completely suppressed the DNA ladder in response to hypoxia. An increase in caspase-3-like protease (DEVDase) activity was observed during apoptosis, but no caspase-1 activity (YVADase) was detected. To confirm what caspases are involved in apoptosis, Western blot analysis was performed using anti-caspase-3 or -6 antibodies. The 10-kDa protein, corresponding to the active products of caspase-3, and the 10-kDa protein of the active protein of caspase-6 were generated in hypoxia-challenged cells in which the processing of the full length form of caspase-3 and -6 was evident. While a time course similar to this caspase-3 and -6 activation was evident, hypoxic stress caused the cleavage of lamin A, which was typical of caspase-6 activity. In addition, the stress elicited the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol during apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed that pre-treatment with SB203580, a selective p38 mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor, attenuated the hypoxia-induced apoptosis. The addition of SB203S80 suppressed caspase-3 and -6-like protease activity by hypoxia up to $50\%$. In contrast, PD98059 had no effect on the hypoxia-induced apoptosis. To confirm the involvement of MAP kinase, JNK/SAPK, ERK, or p38 kinase assay was performed. Although p38 MAPK was activated in response to hypoxic treatment, the other MAPK -JNK/SAPK or ERK- was either only modestly activated or not at all. These results suggest that p38 MAPK is involved in hypoxia-induced apoptosis in MC3T3El osteoblasts.