• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 2007

The effects of high energy short wave solar radiation on human skin have received much publicity as the major cause of accelerated skin ageing and of skin cancers. To meet public demand, the cosmetic industry has developed sun protection factor products, which contain a variety of so-called "UV filters", among others benzophenone (BP) and its metabolites are the widely used UV filters. UV filters are also used to prevent UV light from damaging scents and colors in a variety of cosmetics products and to protect of plastic products against light-induced degradation. There are many variants of BP in use. In this respect, to regulate and to evaluate the hazardous effect of BP-type UV filters will be important to environment and human health. The genotoxicity of 7 BP-type UV filters was evaluated in L5178Y $(tk^{+/-})$ mouse lymphoma cells in vitro. BP, benzhydrol, 4-hydroxybenzophenone 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and 2, 4-dihydroxybenzophenone did not induce significant mutation frequencies both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation system. 2, 2'-Dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone appeared the positive results at the highest dose, i.e. 120.4 ${\mu}g/mL$ only in the absence of metabolic activation system. And also, 2, 3, 4-trihydroxybenzophenone revealed a significant increase of mutation frequencies in the range of 138.1-207.2 ${\mu}g/mL$ in the absence of metabolic activation system and 118.3-354.8 ${\mu}g/mL$ in the presence of metabolic activation system. Through the results of MLA with 7 BP-type UV filters in L5178Y cells in vitro, we may provide the important clues on the genotoxic potentials of these BP-type UV filters.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제29권10호
• /
• pp.840-844
• /
• 2006

For the exploration of pharmacophoric moiety of malloapelta B (1) possessing the inhibitory activity of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation, structural variation of ${\alpha},{\beta}-unsaturated$ carbonyl motif was attempted. 1 was reduced by catalytic hydrogenation, sodium borohydride, and lithium aluminumhydride. Catalytic hydrogenation with 30 psi or 15 psi of $H_2$ gas of 1 generated 8-butyl-5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethylchroman (2) and 1-(5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethylchroman-8-yl)butan-1-one (3), respectively. Reduction with sodium borohydride occurred at the double bond of ${\alpha},{\beta}-unsaturated$ ketone of 1 to give 1-(5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-8-yl)butan-1-one (4). Reduction of 1 with lithium aluminumhydride and then quenched with methanol and water produced unexpected products, 1-(5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-8-yl)-3-methoxy-1-butene (5) and 1-(5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-8-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-butene (6). These are formed from the isomerization of initial product 9 through the continuous conjugate carbocation intermediate 11. Addition of ethylmagnesium bromide and dimethyl malonate anion to 1 gave the conjugate adducts 7 and 8. Ethylmagesium bromide and sodium borohydride reduction unusually gave the conjugate addition due to steric congestion around carbonyl group of 1. Compound 2 exhibits the reduced inhibitory activity against $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation and the others do not show the activity. Therefore ${\alpha},{\beta}-unsaturated$ carbonyl group of 1 should be important for its inhibitory activity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2014

Sisal fiber, an agricultural resource abundantly available in china, has been used as raw material to prepare activated carbon with high surface area and huge pore volume by chemical activation with zinc chloride. The orthogonal test was designed to investigate the influence of zinc chloride concentration, impregnation ratio, activation temperature and activation time on preparation of activated carbon. Scanning electron micrograph, Thermo-gravimetric, $N_2$-adsorption isotherm, mathematical models such as t-plot, H-K equation, D-R equation and BJH methods were used to characterize the properties of the prepared carbons and the activation mechanism was discussed. The results showed that $ZnCl_2$ changed the pyrolysis process of sisal fiber. Characteristics of activated carbon are: BET surface area was $1628m^2/g$, total pore volume was $1.316m^3/g$ and ratio of mesopore volume to total pore volume up to 94.3%. These results suggest that sisal fiber is an attractive source to prepare mesoporous high-capacity activated carbon by chemical activation with zinc chloride.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.143-156
• /
• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 친환경농산물의 구체적인 마케팅연구 일환으로 친환경농산물의 품질인증마크가 주는 메시지 효과에 대해 다루고자 하며 또한 조절초점에 따른 설득지식의 활성화, 즉 조절초점 적합성이론을 친환경농산물의 품질인증마크(유기농산물 vs. 무농약농산물)에 적용시켜 봄으로서 친환경농산물의 품질인증마크에서도 소비자가치의 활성화 효과를 확인 해보았다. 연구결과, 친환경농산물의 품질인증마크(유기농산물 vs. 무농약농산물)는 서로 다른 조절초점을 가지고 있다는 것은 소비자들이 친환경농산물의 품질인증마크(유기농산물 vs. 무농약농산물)에 따라 얻고자하는 목표가 상이하다는 것을 보여준다. 또한 해석수준이론에 다른 적합한 설득커뮤니케이션 방법을 제시함으로서 개인의 성향적 맥락 하의 다양한 소비행동연구에 실무적 시사점을 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이라고 본다.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제29권7호
• /
• pp.810-819
• /
• 2007

물유리와 수산화나트륨 용액을 이용하여 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그의 알칼리 활성에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 플라이 애쉬/슬래그 시멘트 페이스트(FSC)의 반응생성물과 미세구조를 관찰하기 위하여 XRD, FTIR, $^{29}Si$ and $^{27}Al$ NMR, TGA and SEM 분석을 수행하였다. 무정형 상태 또는 저급 결정구조를 가진 calcium silicate hydrate와 aluminosilicate 겔이 각각 고로슬래그와 플라이 애쉬의 알칼리 활성반응에 의해 생성되었다. 실험결과, 물유리 모듈 1.0과 1.2가 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그의 알칼리 활성반응을 위해 적정한 것으로 나타났다. 물유리 모듈 1.0과 1.2로 알칼리 활성화된 FSC 페이스트는 플라이 애쉬와 고로슬래그의 알칼리 활성반응에 의해 생성된 겔 형태의 반응생성물과 물유리에 의한 또 다른 수화물(즉 실리카겔)에 의해 좀 더 단단하고 연속적이 모체가 형성되었음을 보여주었다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.308-314
• /
• 2005

상용 복막투석액에 함유된 고농도의 포도당과 포도당 분해산물(glucose degradation products: CDP)이 복막의 비후, 복막 투과성의 증가 및 한외여과 부전과 같은 복막의 구조적, 기능적 변화를 초래하리라 추정되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CDP성분이 사람 복막중피세포 활성화에 미치는 영향을 검색하였고 또 이때 ROS와 PKC가 관여하는지를 검색하였다. 혈청이 배제된 M199 배양액으로 성장을 동일화시킨 사람 복막중피세포를 GDP인 methylglyoxal(MGO), acetaldehyde, 그리고 3,4-dioxyglucosone-3-ene(3,4-DGE)으로 48시 간 동안 자극하였고, 복막의 투과성에 대한 지표로서 혈관내피성장인자(vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF)를, 섬유화의 지표로서 fibronectin과 heat shock protein 47(hsp47)의 단백을 정량하였다. 활성산소족(reactive oxygen species:ROS)과 protein kinase C(PKC)의 관여여부는 각각 항산화제 N-acetylcystein(NAC)과 PKC 억제제 calphostin C의 억제 효과로 검색하였다. MGO는 대조군과 비교하여 VEGF 분비를 1.9배, fibronectin분비를 1.5배 그리고 hsp47 표현을 1.3배로 유의하게 증가시켰다(p<0.05). MGO에 의한 VEGF 상향 조절은 calphostin C와 NAC에 의하여 유의하게 억제되었다. 사람 복막중피세포에서 VEGF 분비는 acetaldehyde에 의하여 증가하였으나 3,4-DGE에 의하여 억제되었고, fibronectin 분비와 hsp47 표현은 acetaldehyde나 3,4-DGE에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았다. 이상을 종합할 때, ROS생산과 PKC활성화가 상용투석액내 함유된 MGO에 의한 점진적인 복막의 투과성 증가, 세포외기질 축적 그리고 복막 섬유화를 유발하는 주된 신호체계로서 이를 선택적으로 억제함으로써 복막의 기능을 유지할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
• /
• pp.164.2-165
• /
• 2001

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.89-97
• /
• 1979

To find out the rheological characteristics of several pharamaceutical semisolid products, experiments were carriedout over the temperature range of 20 to 30 .deg.C . From continuous shear rheograms obtained with a Ferranti-Shirley cone and plate viscometer, loop area, shear rates, ryild values, limiting viscosities and activation energies were calculated. The systems were metastable and their viscosity decreased with time. As the temperature was raised, products studied showed a decrease in viscosity and yield value.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.123-127
• /
• 1981

The method extracts of Patriniae radix, Dianthii herba, Melandrii herba, Echinopii radix, Siegesbeckiae herba and Magnoliae cortex showed a significant elevation of serum transam inase activity accompanied by fatty degeneration and Kupffer accompanied by fatty degeneration and Kupffer cell activation in hepatic cells.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 2009

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce innate immune responses by recognizing conserved microbial structural molecules. All TLR signaling pathways culminate in the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-$\kappa$B) leading to the induction of inflammatory gene products such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Deregulated activation of TLRs can lead to the development of severe systemic inflammation. Divalent heavy metals, cadmium and mercury, have been used for thousands of years. While cadmium and mercury are clearly toxic to most mammalian organ systems, especially the immune system, their underlying toxic mechanism(s) remain unclear. Here, we report biochemical evidence that cadmium, but not mercury, inhibits NF-$\kappa$B activation and COX-2 expression induced by TLR2 or TLR4 agonists, while cadmium does not inhibit NF-$\kappa$B activation induced by the downstream signaling component of TLRs, MyD88. Thus, the target of cadmium to inhibit NF-$\kappa$B activation may be upstream of MyD88 including TLRs themselves, or events leading to TLR activation by agonists.