• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.869-883
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• 2019

China is currently facing great challenges in protecting its arable soil from contamination by heavy metals, especially Cd in paddy soil. China enacted the first soil environmental quality standards (SEQS) for ten pollutants in 1995, and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment released the results of the first nationwide soil survey in 2014. The soil survey showed that as much as 16% of China's soil and 19% of the agricultural soils were contaminated mainly with heavy metals and metalloids beyond the environmental quality limits. The exceeded rate of the contaminant limits in food crops was widespread in China, and the most severe regions were East and Southwest China. Heavy metals and metalloids accounted for 82.4% of the contaminants in soils while organic pollutants accounted for 17% of the contaminants in the soil. Among the heavy metals and metalloids exceeding the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) limit, cadmium (Cd) was highest at 7.0%, followed by nickel (4.8%), arsenic (2.7%), cobalt (2.1%), mercury (1.6%) and lead (1.5%). However, all the average concentrations of the pollutants were lower than the recommended values for the contaminants except for Cd for three levels of pH (< 6.5, 6.5 - 7.5, and > 7.5). According to the Action Plan on Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution released by the State Council in 2016, 90% of contaminated farmland will be made safe by 2020 with an increase to 95% by 2030. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the soil quality to meet the environmental quality standard for soils and heavy metal standards for food safety.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 The 6th International Symposium of East Asian Resources Recycling Technology
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• pp.84-87
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• 2001

A demand for the aggregates is increasing in the field of civil and architectural industry and so on. In these industries, the particle size and shape of aggregates are important factors and especially spherical or rounded particles are desired. In Japan, waste glass is used as one of the aggregate materials for the pavement or the construction. In this study based on the frictional action of material on each other, an autogenous grinding of silica glass with a stirred mill were carried out in order to eliminate flakelike or squarish particles and get spherical or rounded ones for aggregate materials. The autogenous grinding experiments were conducted by applying loads to the particle layer of silica glass. The particle shape was evaluated by the shape index, N/T and the degree of circularity, Ψ$_{ci}$ . The unfractured particles (20~13mm) were evaluated by N/T and Ψ$_{ci}$ , and the products (finer than 10${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) by Ψ$_{ci}$ . As a result, N/T of the unfractured particles decreased with an increase of grinding time. Ψ$_{ci}$ of the unfractured particles and the products increased with an increase of grinding time (; progress of grinding), and became almost constant in the long time grinding. These tendencies were not changed by the applied load on the particle layer, but the limit value of Ψ$_{ci}$ at the products were varied with the applied load.plied load.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.462-468
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• 2006

Antibiotics are manufactured and used for specific physiological functions, hence they may exert adverse ecological consequences when they are in contact with nontarget organisms. In the last decade, many reports have been made on the occurrences of various antibiotic compounds in surface water, and their potential impact to the environment has become an increasing concern. This study was conducted to prioritize antibiotic substances with potential environment risk in Korea. Human use antibiotics with an EIC (Expected Introduction Concentration) value greater than $1{\mu}g/l$, US FDA's action limit criteria, were selected. In order to calculate a worst-case EIC for each substance, annual production volume (in kg) of each antibiotic substance was derived using the Korea Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (KPMA)'s monetary database. Sixteen substances were preliminarily selected. The EICs of the 16 antibiotic substances were refined with the excretion rate of the parent substances. Ten antibiotic substances were identified to have EIC-corrected greater than $1{\mu}g/l$, which include Amoxicillin ($15.8{\mu}g/l$), Cefaclor ($10.1{\mu}/l$), Roxithromycin ($4.2{\mu}g/l$), Cephradine ($4.5{\mu}g/l$), Cefatrizine ($2.6{\mu}g/l$), Cefadroxil ($3.3{\mu}g/l$), Aztreonam ($2.3{\mu}g/l$), Ceftazidime ($2.8{\mu}g/l$), Ribostamycin ($1.3{\mu}g/l$), and Ceftezole ($1.3{\mu}g/l$). Additional risk assessments for these antibiotic substances are suggested.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.50-54
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• 2002

선박은 박판으로 이루어진 상자형구조물이기 때문에 선박이 황천항해를 하게 되면 선체의 상갑판과 선저판에는 호깅이나 새깅이 반복적으로 일어나므로 선테판에는 인장력과 압축력이 반복적으로 작용하게 된다 이 중에서도 압축력이 작용하는 경우가 선박의 종강도상에 치명적인 결과를 가져올 수 있다. 따라서, 본 본문에서는 선체판중에서 종횡비가 1.4인 판을 대상으로 하여 탄소성유한요소해석을 통하여 압축하중을 계속적으로 증가시켜 좌굴과 함께 탄소성대변형거동을 밝힘과 동시에 2차좌굴과 탄소성거동과의 메카니즘을 규명하여 압축하중을 받는 선테판의 탄소성대변형거동을 규명하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.299-311
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• 2003

점진적 소성화를 고려한 공간뼈대구조의 극한강도를 평가하기 위한 비선형 유한요소 해석법을 제시한다. 유한한 회전각의 2차항 까지 고려된 개선된 변위장을 도입하여 결과적으로 축력뿐만 아니라 휨모멘트 그리고 비틂모멘트에 의한 비선형 효과를 모두 고려한다. 탄-소성 해석을 위하여 소성힌지 개념을 도입하고 비선형 해석방법으로 하중 및 변위증분법을 이용한다. 잔류응력 분포에 의거한 초기항복함수를 정의하고 축력뿐만 아니라 모멘트의 함수로 표현되는 소성영역함수를 사용하여 flow rule과 normality condition을 적용하여 탄-소성 강도매트릭스를 도출한다. 계산시간이 빠른 기존의 소성힌지 해석기법을 사용하는 동시에 소성영역의 진전효과를 효율적으로 나타내었다. 요소의 소성화 진행정도를 나타내는 파라미터를 도입하고 여러 가지 강도감소모델을 사용하여 극한해석을 수행하여 그 결과를 소성영역해석, 쉘요소를 이용한 정밀해석 그리고 실험결과와 비교하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.288-295
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• 2017

In order to improve the efficiency and reliability of the machine, the friction should be minimized. The most widely used method to minimize friction is to maintain the fluid lubrication state. However, we can reduce friction only up to a certain limit because of viscosity. As a result of several recent studies, surface texturing has significantly reduced the friction in highly sliding machine elements, such as mechanical seals and thrust bearings. Thus far, theoretical studies have mainly focused on isothermal/iso-viscous conditions and have not taken into account the heat generation, caused by high viscous shear, and the temperature conditions on the bearing surface. In this study, we investigate the effect of dimple depth and film-temperature boundary conditions on the thermohydrodynamic (THD) lubrication of textured parallel slider bearings. We analyzed the continuity equation, the Navier-Stokes equation, the energy equation, and the temperature-viscosity and temperature-density relations using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, FLUENT. We compare the temperature and pressure distributions at various dimple depths. The increase in oil temperature caused by viscous shear was higher in the dimple than in the bearing outlet because of the action of the strong vortex generated in the dimple. The lubrication characteristics significantly change with variations in the dimple depths and film-temperature boundary conditions. We can use the current results as basic data for optimum surface texturing; however, further studies are required for various temperature boundary conditions.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.38-49
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• 1988

This paper presented as follows results of laboratory model tests with various shaped footings on soil bed reinforced with the strips on the base of behaviour of soil structure according to the loads and triaxial test results reinforced with geotextiles. Their parameters studied were the effects on the bearing capacity of a footing of the first layer of reinforcement, horizontal and vertical spacing of layers, number of layers, tensile strength of reinforcement and iclination load to the vertical 1.Depending on the strip arrangement, ultimate bearing capacity values could be more improved than urreinforced soil and the failure of soil was that the soil structure was transfered from the macrospace to microspase and its arrangement, from edge to edge to face to face. 2.The reinforcement was produced the reinforcing effects due to controlling the value of factor of one and permeable reinforcement was never a barrier of drainage condition. 3.Strength ratio was decreased as a linear shape according to increment of saturation degree of soil used even though at the lower strength ratio, the value of M-factor was rot influenced on the strength ratio but impermeable reinforcement decreased the strength of bearing capacity. 4.Ultimate bearing capacity under the plane-strain condition was appeared a little larger than triaxial or the other theoretical formulars and the circular footing more effective. 5.The maximum reinforcing effects were obtained at U I B=o.5, B / B=3 and N=3, when over that limit only acting as a anchor, and same strength of fabric appeared larger reinforcing effects compared to the thinner one. 6.As the LDR increased, more and more BCR occurred and there was appeared a block action below Z / B=O.5, but over the value, decrement of BCR was shown linear relation, and no effects above one. 7.The coefficient of the inclination was shown of minimum at the three layers of fabrics, but the value of H / B related to the ultimate load was decreased as increment of inclination degree, even though over the value of 4.5 there wasn't expected to the reinforcing effects As a consequence of the effects on load inclination, the degree of inclination of 15 per cent was decreased the bearing capacity of 70 per cent but irnproved the effects of 45 per cent through the insertion of geotextile.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.188-198
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• 2013

In constructing a collision avoidance system, it is important to determine the time for starting collision avoidance maneuver. Many researchers have attempted to formulate various indices by applying a range of techniques. Among these indices, collision risk obtained by combining Distance to the Closest Point of Approach (DCPA) and Time to the Closest Point of Approach (TCPA) information with fuzzy theory is mostly used. However, the collision risk has a limit, in that membership functions of DCPA and TCPA are empirically determined. In addition, the collision risk is not able to consider several critical collision conditions where the target ship fails to take appropriate actions. It is therefore necessary to design a new concept based on logical approaches. In this paper, a collision ratio is proposed, which is the expected ratio of unavoidable paths to total paths under suitably characterized operation conditions. Total paths are determined by considering categories such as action space and methodology of avoidance. The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (1972) and collision avoidance rules (2001) are considered to solve the slower ship's dilemma. Different methods which are based on a constant speed model and simulated speed model are used to calculate the relative positions between own ship and target ship. In the simulated speed model, fuzzy control is applied to determination of command rudder angle. At various encounter situations, the time histories of the collision ratio based on the simulated speed model are compared with those based on the constant speed model.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2008년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.645-648
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• 2008

초고층 복합공간이 증가하면서 건축물의 공간에서는 매우 복잡하고 다양한 상황들이 연출되는데, 이에 대한 관리는 아직도 관리자가 획득한 제한된 정보에 근거해서 내린 의사결정에 의존하고 있다. 그러나 인간의 능력은 한정된 시간 동안에, 제한된 정보를 분석하여, 상황에 맞는 적절한 조치를 취하는 데에는 한계가 있다. 이러한 한계점을 극복하기 위해 첨단 정보기술을 융합한 유비쿼터스 시스템을 이용할 수 있는 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 본 논문은 객체 지향 3D 데이터에 관한 연구 현황을 조사하여 3D 데이터 추출 방안, 시스템간의 데이터 교환 방안, 현재 객체 지향 3D 데이터의 활용 상황 등에 대한 정보를 수집하고, 다중이용시설물의 일반적인 공간 정보를 3D CAD 정보에서 추출하여 GIS 시스템으로 보낼 방안을 수립하고자 한다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 제20권1호
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• pp.1097-1100
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 순환골재 콘크리트의 부착 내구성을 평가하기 위하여 동결융해 피해를 받은 순환굵은골재 콘크리트의 부착성능을 실험적으로 검토하였다. 콘크리트는 순환골재 품질기준에서 제시하는 품질 하한치(흡수율 : 3.0%, 절건밀도 : $2.5g/cm^3$)를 만족하는 순환굵은골재를 사용하여 레미콘 배합에 의해 생산하였으며, 부착실험체는 표준 인발시험 중에서 철근을 수직방향으로 배근한 형태로 제작하였다. 또한 실험변수는 순환굵은골재의 치환률(0, 30, 60, 100%)과 동결융해 사이클을 변수로 수행하였다. 실험결과에 의하면 동결융해 조건하에서 순환굵은골재 치환률에 따른 콘크리트의 부착성능은 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 AE제를 사용한 천연 및 순환골재 콘크리트는 동결융해에 의한 부착강도 저하가 발생하지 않았다.