• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2017

In major field crops, synthetic herbicides have been used to control weeds worldwide. Globally, herbicide resistance in weeds should be minimized because it is a major limiting factor for food security. Cross resistance can occur with herbicides within the same or in different herbicide families and with the same or different sites of action. Multiple resistance refers to evolved mechanisms of resistance to more than one herbicide (e.g., resistance to both ALS-inhibitors and ACCase-inhibitors) and this resistance was brought about by separate selection processes. Target site resistance could occur from changes at the biochemical site of action of one herbicide. Non target site resistance occurs through mechanisms which reduce the number of herbicide molecules that reach the herbicide target site. There are currently 480 unique cases (species ${\times}$ site of action) of herbicide resistance globally in 252 plant species (145 dicots and 105 monocots). To date, resistance in weeds has been reported to 161 different herbicides, involving 23 of the 26 known herbicide sites of action. Finally, it can be concluded that we can protect crops associated to herbicide resistant weeds by applications of biochemical, genetic and crop control strategies.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.1410-1419
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• 2005

Purpose: This study identified and compared influential variables on intention and action to quit smoking between adolescent smokers and adult smokers. Methods: For the selection of variables, the transtheoretical theory was used. A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea. Discriminant analysis was used for data analysis Results: The variables of adolescent smokers that predicted an intention to quit smoking were: smoking temptation, self re-evaluation, counter conditioning and stimulus control. The variables that predicted an action to quit smoking were: self-efficacy for smoking abstinence, pros for smoking, self reevaluation, and self liberation. The variables of adult smokers that predicted an intention to quit were: smoking temptation, pros for smoking, cons for smoking, self reevaluation. The variables that self liberation and predicted an action to quit smoking were: self efficacy for smoking abstinence, smoking temptation, and counter conditioning. Conclusions: Developing stage specific smoking intervention methods based on different ways of how individuals make a decision to quit smoking within their contexts needs to be done.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.366-376
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• 1999

In order to examine the catching selectivity of the ark shell(Scapharca broughtonii) dredge, the various factors affecting the selective action of the dredge are analyzed, and the probabilities of the ark shell not shifting through the gaps between the teeth, and the mesh of the netting bag, are calculated for the various shell lengths, using the relation between the posture and the length when the shell passes through these parts.Considering that the probability of making catch is the product of the both probabilities described above, and that this probability is proportional to the relative catching efficiency, the selectivity curves for the ark shell dredge were estimated for various gaps between the teeth and for the various mesh sizes of the netting bag. The obtained results are summarized as follows :1. The ratios of the shell length of ark shell to the distance between teeth indicating the relative catching efficiency of 0%, 50, 100% respectively were 1.0, 1.26~1.28, 1.47~1.44, and that the selection ranges of selective shell length by the distance between teeth were 0.47~0.44, where the distances between teeth were 3.2cm, 3.6cm, 4.0cm, 4.4cm and 4.8cm. 2. The ratios of the shell length of ark shell to the mesh size indicating the relative catching efficiency of 0%, 50%, 100% respectively were 0.67, 0.84, 0.97 and that the selection range of shell length for catching, that in the range of selective shell length by the mesh size was 0.31, where the distance of 4.0cm between teeth, mesh size of 6.0 cm and the smaller mesh angle of $60^{\circ}$3. Where the distance between teeth is 4.0 cm and the smaller mesh angle is $60^{\circ}$, the selection range of shell length for catching of the ark shell dredge is decreased according to the mesh size, and it is minimized by 0.20 in the mesh size of 9.0~10.0 cm, but increased in the mesh size of over 11.0 cm. 4. Where the distance between teeth is 4.0 cm, the selective action by the mesh size of netting bag is begun with the mesh size of over 10.0 cm.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1977

1974年 安養에서 採集한 초파리의 走光性行動에 대한 人爲淘汰實驗을 행하였다. 淘汰의 結果, 第10世代까지의 走光性 및 避光系統의 遺傳率은 每世代當 2$\\sim$4%로 나타났다. 淘汰系統間의 相對交配實驗의 結果, 避光行動을 나타내는 遺傳子가 走光性遺傳子에 대하여 部分的 優性의 효과가 있음을 알았고, 그 효과는 淘汰의 後期世代에서 더욱 뚜렷하였다. 淘汰15世代後, 走光性과 避光性系統에 대하여 人爲淘汰를 中止하고 自然淘汰에 의한 遺傳子의 行動을 調査하였다. 實驗結果, 數世代以內에 最初集團의 走光性指數로 환원되었다. 이러한 현상은 自然淘汰에 의한 遺傳的復元性의 一例라고 생각된다.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1999

In sole-source procurement contraction for government goods and services, the buyer (government) needs to derive the optimal actions from the contractor so the buyer can obtain the maximum utility and the contractor, or single-source supplier, is guaranteed the equivalent of a minimum level of profit. Under the assumption of risk-neutrality for both the buyer and the contractor and the buyer's unobservability of the contractor's action, it is necessary for the buyer to design a (mathematical) model to achieve the above objective. This paper considers the mathematical formulation in which two problems - moral hazard and adverse selection - are present simultaneously; furthermore, from the formulation, a GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) program is used for a possible buyer to obtain the optimal actions.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.1714-1725
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• 2007

This paper describes a top-down behavior planning framework in a simulation game from personality to real life action selection. The combined behavior creating system is formed by five levels of specification, which are personality definition, motivation extraction, emotion generation, decision making and action execution. Along with the data flowing process in our designed framework, NPC selects actions autonomously to adapt to the dynamic environment information resulting from active agents and human players. Furthermore, we illuminate applying Gaussian probabilistic distribution to realize character's behavior changeability like human performance. To elucidate the mechanism of the framework, we situated it in a restaurant simulation game.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제60권10호
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• pp.1951-1958
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• 2011

The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of digital low-pass differentiators(LPD) and then to provide a method to select effective LPD filter, for detecting spikes of surface motor unit action potentials(MUAP). The successful spike detection of MUAPs is a first important step for EMG signal decomposition. The performances of simple and weighted LPD(SLPD and WLPD) filters are analyzed based on different filter lengths and varying MUAPs from simulated surface EMG signals. The SNR improving coefficient and effective MUAP duration range from the analysis results can be used to select proper LPD filters under the varying conditions of surface EMG.

• 유공압시스템학회논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2010

The typical trunk lid system for vehicle is composed of a hinge having 4-bar link and gas lifter. Here, the energy regenerative brake of hydraulic driven systems is applied to the tail gate system for vehicle and removed the gas lifter. The new tail gate system is composed of a hydraulic pump by electric motor, a hydraulic motor, four check valves, an accumulator, a relief valve and a directional control valve. The dynamic characteristics of the hydraulic motor system, such as the surge pressure and response time, are investigated in both brake action and acceleration action. The capacity selection method of accumulator by mathematical model is based upon trial and error approach and computer simulation by AMEsim software is carried out.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2005년도 학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.587-590
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• 2005

Reactive plans for a box-pushing task of a mobile robot are automatically built up, where sequential action plans are found in a configuration space by A* algorithm for various initial configurations. Then, conjunction of conditions to associate with a same behavior are found by a back tracking algorithm. And corresponding reactive plans are generated. Finally, a clustering technique is applied to identify which reactive plan should be applied for a given perceptual condition. Several simulation results are shown to justify our proposed approach.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2000년도 제15차 학술회의논문집
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• pp.532-532
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• 2000

Conventional artificial intelligence systems are not properly responding under dynamically changing environments. To overcome this problem, reactive planning systems implementing new Al principles, called behavior-based Al or emergent computation, have been proposed and confirmed their usefulness. As another alternative, biological information processing systems may provide many feasible ideas to these problems. Immune system, among these systems, plays important roles to maintain its own system against dynamically changing environments. Therefore, immune system would provide a new paradigm suitable for dynamic problem dealing with unknown environments. In this paper, a new approach to behavior-based Al by paying attention to biological immune system is investigated. The feasibility of this method is confirmed by applying to behavior control of an autonomous mobile robot in cluttered environment.