• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회 제20권2호
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• pp.9-12
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• 2008

반강접합은 핀접합의 단점을 보완하고 강접합의 장점을 수용할 수 있는 중간 형태이다. 현재 국내에서 핀접합에 대한 연구는 활성화 되어있으나 반강접합에 대한 연구는 많지 않기 때문에 본 연구에서는 3가지 형태의 실험체를 제작하여 성능을 입증하려 했다. 실험체는 강접합 HI-R, 반강접합 HI-S, 핀접합 HI-P등 총 3개이다. 실험결과 HI-R은 접합부 전단파괴, HI-S는 고정단 상부 휨파괴, HI-P는 경사계단 슬래브 하부 휨파괴로 나타났고 최대내력은 각각 51.74, 51.4, 24.63kN으로 측정되었고, 강성은 1.58, 1.19, 0.37을 나타냈다. 항복강도는 각각 44.5, 47.3, 24kN을 보유하고, 연성비는 3.31, 2.32, 1.54로 나타냈고, 사용하중 작용 시의 처짐은 KBC기준에 의거하여 HI-P실험체가 기준을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 철근 변형률분포로 보아 HI-S는 초기에 HI-R과 유사한 거동을 보이나 항복이후 접합부 내부요소들의 응력분담으로 핀접합보다는 우수한 성능을 보유한 반강접 접합부로 판단할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.407-413
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• 1997

Cinnamaldehyde의 항돌연변이 작용기구를 밝히기 위하여 E. coli B/r 및 K-12 계열의 다양한 DNA 수복 결손주를 이용하여 4-NQO 및 MNNG에 대한 돌연변이 억제 효과 및 생존율 변화에 대하여 조사하였다. SOS response가 항상 발현되는 균주인 GW1107의 $\beta$-Gal 활성과 41$^{\circ}C$에서 $\beta$-Gal을 합성하는 균주인 GW1060 및 GW1103의 $\beta$-Gal 활성에도 cinnamaldehyde는 효과를 나타내지 못하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 cinnamaldeyde가 LexA와 같은 repressor로서 작용하지 못함은 물론 SOS response를 positive하게 조절하는 RecA 기능에 대하여 아무런 변화를 주지 못한다는 사실을 제시한다. 또한 Trp+ 복귀돌연변이주의생육 및 세포생장 속도에도 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 4-NQO 처리된 균주(WP2s, ZA159 및 TK603)에서 cinnamaldehyde의 첨가로 돌연변이율이 감소되었음\ulcorner 불구하고 생존율은 크게 향상되었다. 그러나 절제 수복기능이 결여되지 않은 WP2 및 lexA 유전자 결손주(CM561 및 CM611)에서는 그와 같은 효과가 나타나지 않았으며, 상보적 DNA의 gap을 연결시켜주는 polymerase I이 결여된 균주인 WP67에서도 생존율이 증가되지 않았다. 위와 같은 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 cinnamaldehyde는 오류 없는 재조합 수복계를 향상시킴으로써 항돌연변이 효과를 나타내는 것으로 추정되었다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.271-286
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• 2000

This study is designed to investigate what elders think about the meaning of aging. We have used Q-methods to identify meaning of aging from elders, and developed self-referenced surveys to analyze characteristics In this study, we used a non-structured method to select Q sampling. From 183 Q populations, we selected 36 Q sampling. A total of 32 persons sixty-years or older were randomly selected for P samples, When the Q-sorting was complete, we interviewed the participants at both end of the extremes(agree or disagree), and documented their responses. We used PC QUANL to process the data and used principal component analysis for Q factor analysis. There were five subjective types for the meaning of aging by elders. Of the 32 P-samples of elders, 11 were identified as Type 1, 7 as Type 2, 2 as Type 3, 8 as Type 4, and 4 as Type 5. Type 1 : 'Matured elders' Elders wished the well being of their children, thought older persons should maintain good health, worried about becoming senile, and dependent God believing in life after death. Type 2 : 'Assertive-Rights' Elders categorized as Assertive-Rights insisted on their rights to life as a person. Type 2 elders characterized themselves as people who should keep themselves healthy, become weak and lack sexual desires, act selfish like a child, need to be protected, and be financially independent. Type 3 : 'Passive-Dependents' Elders characterize themselves as those who pray for their children's well being, worry about the children even after their death. and becoming senile. Type 4 : 'Hopeless' The 'Hopeless' type of elders characterized aging as a time to pray for their children, insignificant beings, thoughts were selfish and child-like, poor, worried about going senile, regret their life overall, and preferred to die than to live as an old person. Type 5 : 'Attached-Present' The 'Attached-Present' type of elders thought elderly characterized themselves as acting selfish and child-like, wiser, anxious, regret their life, stand aloof of greed and worldly things, being a model for the society, and deserving to be treated with filial respect. Thus far, Korean elders seemed to have a positive and negative meaning of aging due to the current changes in the society, value system, and family structures. The above five subjective meanings of aging confirm that we need to approach and nurse the elderly differently. Years of aging are a part of and a natural process of life with various physical, psychological, and sociological changes. Nurses need to assist elderly to find the positive meaning of their life by providing appropriate physical, psychological, and social support at an earlier stage in nursing. Based on this study, we could derive the following two implication from the perspectives of science of nursing to care for elders. 1) Based on the studies investigating the type of meaning of aging, we could develop tools to assist in nursing intervention programs for elderly. 2) Based on research on the meaning of aging for different developmental stages of life, we could develop a model for roles for different family members in nursing and caring for the elders.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2014

연구에서는 사질토 지반에서 개단말뚝의 지지력에 영향을 미치는 폐색효과를 조사하기 위하여 현장재하시험을 수행하였다. 현장재하시험은 직경이 다른 총 3본의 시험말뚝(508.0, 711.2, 914.4mm)을 제작하여 각각 동재하시험과 정재하시험을 실시하였다. 내주면마찰력과 외주면마찰력을 분리 측정하기 위하여 시험말뚝을 이중관으로 제작하였고, 외부말뚝의 안쪽과 내부말뚝의 바깥쪽 표면에 변형률계를 부착하였다. 정재하시험 결과, 내주면마찰력은 선단부로부터 총 관내토 길이의 약 18-34%의 부근에서 집중적으로 발생하였고, 이를 통해 말뚝 선단부근의 관내토가 내주면마찰력 발현에 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 말뚝직경이 클수록 전체지지력에 대한 내주면마찰력과 순단면적의 선단지지력의 합의 비가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 말뚝의 폐색율을 정량화하기 위해 시험말뚝의 incremental filling ratio(IFR)를 측정하여 분석한 결과, SPT의 N값과 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.76-93
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• 1998

Three hundred sixty-two(male 131, female 231) elderly aged over 65 in Chungb- uk area were interviewed to determine the disease states and drug usage patterns. The prebalence of disease was 78% and women reported more chronic diseases(83%) than men(71%). Elderly who live with spouse and have an occupation have a lower rate of disease. Average number of diseases of the elderly was $1.8\pm{1.1}$, and women$(2.1\pm{1.3)}$ have significantly higher average number of diseases than that of men$(1.4\pm{0.7)}$. Also the elderly in urban areas$(2.1\pm{1.4)}$ have significantly higher number of diseases than that of the elderly in rural areas$(1.6\pm{0.9)}$. Arthritis, hypertension, cardiovascular and gastric diseases were the most frequently listed chronic diseases in order for both men and women. Anemia and fracture of bone were relatively higher in women than in men. Particularly, the arthritis of the urban elderly have a rate of 1.5 times higher than that of the rural elderly. Fifty-two percent of the elderly were currently using drugs ; among drug users 71.2% used prescription drugs and 20.5% used nonprescription drugs. The average number taken per person was 2.1$\pm$1.4 and there was no sex or age difference. However, the elderly in rural areas $(2.7\pm{1.7)}$ consumed a significantly higher number of drugs than those in urban areas$(1.7\pm{0.7)}$. The average number of prescripti- on drugs taken was 2.0$\pm$1.4 while the average of nonprescription drugs taken was $(1.3\pm{0.6)}$. Analgesics and antihypertensive drugs were most commonly used. Vitamin and analgesics were the most frequently used self-prescribed drugs. It was noted that potential adverse drug interaction by concominant drug consumption for arthritis and antihypensive drug, abuse of digestants and antiacid without treatment of the underlying disease, and misuse of quick-acting bowel medications were problematic for the elderly. In addition drugs used for the elderly have some adverse effect on the digestive system. The types and composition of drugs used by the elderly were identified and presented. Medication compliance was poor and 13.5% reported adverse reactions such as edema, heartburn, nausea, and difficulty with eating. Seventeen percent of the elderly obtained drugs arranged by those other than medical staff. Also, even among those elderly who obtained drugs prescribed by a doctor, 69.1% of subjects had not receive instruction about potential adverse reactions. These results suggest that nutritional problems related to drug usage might exist and so dietitians, either individually or as members of health teams, need to have a better understanding of drug-nutrient interaction and closer supervision, and drug information/education service should therefore be provided to prevent or minimize adverse drug reaction in elderly users of medication.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.315-323
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• 2015

이상 기후현상으로 인해 폭풍의 강도가 커지고, 지속시간 또한 길어지고 있어 연안 피해가 점차 대규모화 되고 있다. 이러한 변화에 대응하기 위하여 기존 방파제에 대한 평가기준과 신설 방파제의 설계기준이 강화되고 있다. 최근 케이슨식 방파제의 구조적 안정성을 향상시키기 위하여 개별 케이슨이 독립적으로 파에 저항하도록 하였던 방파제 케이슨을 서로 인터로킹시키는 방안이 관심을 받고 있다. 이는 각각의 케이슨에 작용하는 힘을 분산시켜 이상파랑이 발생할 경우에도 최대파력이 저감되어 방파제의 안정성을 확보할 수 있도록 한 것이다. 본 연구에서는 케이블을 이용하여 케이슨 상부를 방파제 기준선방향으로 인터로킹시켰을 때의 파력의 분산특성에 대해서 분석하였다. 수치계산의 효율을 위해 지반과 연결 케이블은 선형 스프링으로 모형화하고 케이슨은 강체로 가정한 정적 선형모델을 개발하였다. 수치해석 결과, 입사각이 커질수록 케이블을 통하여 전달되는 파력비가 높아지고, 인터로킹 케이블의 강성이 클수록 전달 파력비가 증대되어 파력분산 효과가 높아지는 특성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2005

The cinema costume designers carry out the creative works in a different way from the commercial fashion designers generating the new trends by season or year for a number of people. Costumes created by the cinema costume designers are for the people acting in the film screens such as heroes, heroines or extras. The cinema costume designers should not miss the overall flow of a cinema. Moreover, the prominent designers have to devise the costumes livening up every scene. Most cinemas with the prudent interests and attention on the costumes are favored by the public and gain the commercial success. In particular, the cinemas emphasize the visual effects such as setting, lighting and computer graphics and require the substantial budgets for preparing the costumes regardless of genres, while all other industrial fields will be the same. Such efforts are to deliver the meaning and aesthetics that the cinemas intend to show through the designs, colors and textures of costumes closed up in each scene. The costumes in cinemas are another linguistic system and have the symbolic form of compound and meaningful communication used by the directors. The costume design is required to produce the costumes that liven up the characteristics of heroes or heroines as well as to fit for the general artistic effects of films. Moreover, it has to express the characters in the films using the costumes suitable for the film genres. Cinema costumes are defined and refined, and the process can be angst-ridden. Each frame of film is a canvas and has its own proscenuium. Every garment worn in a theatrical production is a costume. Before an actor speaks, his wardrobe has already spoken for him. From the most obvious and flamboyant show clothing, to contemporary clothes using subtle design language, costume design plays an integral part in every film production. Costume design is a vital tool for storytelling. Costumes have always had enormous influence on world fashion. Costume designers are passionate storytellers, historians, social commentators, humorists, psychologists, trendsetters and magicians who can conjure glamour and codify icons. Costume designers are project managers who have to juggle ever-decreasing wardrobe budgets and battle the economic realities of film production. Costume designers are artists with pen and paper, form, fabric and the human figure.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.57-75
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• 1987

Two modalities of gonadotropin secretion, pulsatile gonadotropin and preovulatory gonadotropin surge, have been identified in the mammals. Pulsatile gonadotropin secretion is modulated by the pulsatile pattern of GnRH release and complex ovarian steroid feedback actions. The neural mechansim that regulates the pulsatile release of GnRH in the hypothalamus is called "GnRH pulse generator". Ovarian steroids, estradiol and progesterone, appear to exert thier feedback effects both directly on the pituitary to modulate gonadotropin release and on a hypothalamic site to modulate GnRH release; estradiol primarily affects the amplitude while progesterone decreases the frequency of the pulsatile GnRH. Steroid hormones are known to affect catecholamine transmission in brain. MBH-POA is richly innervated by NE systems and close apposition of NE terminals and GnRH cell bodies occurs in the MBH as well as in the POA. NE normally facilitates pulsatile LH release by acting through ${\alpha}-receptor$ mechanism. However, precise nature of facilitative role of NE transmission in maintaining pulsatile LH has not been clearly understood. Close apposition of DA and GnRH terminals in ME might permit DA to influence GnRH release. Action of DA transmission probably is mediated by axo-axonic contacts between GnRH and DA fibers in the ME. Dopamine transmission does not normally regulate pulsatile LH release, but under certain conditions, increased DA transmission inhibit LH pulse. Endogenous opioid acts to suppress the secretion of GnRH into hypophysial portal circulation, thereby inhibiting gonadotropin secretion. However, an interaction between endogenenous opioid peptides and gonadotropin release is a complex one which involves ovarian hormones as well. LH secretion appears to be most suppressed by endogenenous opioids during the luteal phase, at a time of elevated progesterone secretion. The arcuate nucleus contains not only cell bodies for GnRH and ${\beta}-endorphin$ but also a dense aborization of fibers suggesting that GnRH release is changed by the interactions between GnRH and ${\beta}-endorphin$ cell bodies within the arcuate nucleus. The frequency and amplitude of pulsatile LH release seem to be increased during the preovulatory gonadotropin surge. Estradiol exerts positive feedback action on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis to trigger preovulatory LH surge. GnRH is also crucial hormonal stimulus for preovulatory LH surge. It is unlikely, however, that increased secretion of GnRH during the preovulatory gonadotropin surge represents an obligatory neural signal for generation of the LH discharge in primates including human. Modulation of preovulatory LH surge by catecholamines has been studied almost exclusively in rats. NE and E may be involved in distinct way to accumulate GnRH in the MBH and its release into the hypophysial portal system during the critical period for LH surge on proestrus in rats. However, the mechanisms whereby augmented adrenergic transmission may facilitate the formation and accumulation of GnRH in the ME-ARC nerve terminals before the LH surge have not been clearly understood.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 1994

Suture microvascular anastomosis is time-consuming and tedious and demands long and continuous training. Techinique of anastomosis of microvessel was presented interrupted suture and continuous suture. Recently the unilink instrument system is created as a fast and simple method to achieve high patency rates without long and continuous training in the anastomosis of small vessels. The author experimentally studied the femoral artery of 20 mice(0.5-1.0mm, av. 0.7mm), the femoral vein of 20 mice(0.8-1.6mm, av. 1.2mm) after anastomosis with interrupted suture in 20 cases and continuous sutre in 20 cases. For the unilink apparatus we used the carotid arteries of 15 cases in 14 rabbits(1.0-1.6mm, av. 1.3mm) and facial veins of 12 cases in 14 rabbits(0.9mm-2.2mm, av. 1.5mm). A total of 27 arterial and venous anastomoses were performed. We examined the postoperative patency at immediate, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks. The results were as followings, 1. In the arterial anastomosis the rate of patency was 90%(18/20) in interrupted suture, 90%(18/20) in continuous suture and 93%(13/15) in unilink apparatus. In the venous anastomosis the rate of patency was 90%(18/20) in interrupted suture, 80%(16/20) in continuous suture and 100%(9/9) in unilink apparatus. 2. The mean time for completion of the arterial anastomosis were 12.2 minutes in interrupted suture group, 10.3 minutes in continouous suture group and 8.5 minutes in unillnk apparatus group. The mean time for completion of the venous anastomosis were 13.6 minutes in interrupted suture group, 11.0 minutes in continuous suture group and 6.2 minutes in unilink apparatus group. 3. At the histological examination of suture group, hyperplastic reaction of middle layer and subintimal hyperplasia were observed. In unilink apparatus group, the endothelium layer was continued and the thickness of vessel wall was decreased due to moderate atrophy of the media and mild degree of nonspecific chronic inflammation were seen around the unilink apparatus. 4. No significants was noticied in foreign body reaction among the interrupted, continuous and unilink apparatus group. 5. A case of the arterial anastomosis was released with acting out at 15 minutes after operation. 6. The important factors in the technical problems were accurate apposition of the cut vessel edges in suture group and the proper selection of the ring size and optimal fitting between two rings in unilink apparatus group. Even though the outer diamater of vessel in suture group was different from that in unilink apparatus group the unilink method provides a very safe, fast, and simple way to perform microvascular anastomoses especially in anastomosis of vein. But howerver suture was needed in vessels below 1 mm outer diamater. In that situation continuous suture was benefit than the interrupted suture in operation time.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.38-52
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• 1991

자유표면하에서 움직이는 임의의 형상의 3차원 물체로 인한 비선형 유체력을 준 Lagrangian 방법을 사용하여 해석하였다. 경계치 문제는 경계 적분 방법(Boundary Integral Method)을 이용하여 해결하였으며, 물체와 자유 표면의 형상은 곡면 Panel로 표현하였다. 이들 표면은 hi-cubic B-spline 방법을 사용하여 유한개의 작은 표면 요소로 나뉘어지게 되며, 또한 \phi와 (equation omitted) 표면 요소상에서 bi-linear하다고 가정한다. 특이점에 의한 유기 포텐시얼의 계산시 1/R에 비례하는 부분은 제거하고 해석적으로 처리하였다. 물체로부터 멀리 떨어진 곳에서의 유체 유통은 좌표계의 원점에 위치한 Dipole로 표현하였으며, Time Stepping시 Runge-Kutta의 4차 방법을 사용하였다. 3차원인 경우에 대한 적분 방정식과 포텐시얼의 시간 미분간에 대한 경계 조건이 유도되었으며, 이러한 식들을 사용하여 자유표면의 형상과 물체의 운동을 동시에 계산하였다. 대진폭을 가지고 규칙적으로 진동하는 물체에 작용하는 힘과 이때의 자유 표면 형상을 계산하고 기 발표된 자료와 비교하여 보았으며, 자유표면 근처에서 운동하는 물체에 작용하는 비선형 효과를 관찰하였다.