• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2015

종래의 판례에 의하면 사해행위인 매매예약을 원인으로 가등기를 마친 수익자가 그 정을 모르는 제3자에게 가등기에 의한 권리를 양도한 후 가등기 이전의 부기등기를 마치게 해 주고, 그 제3자가 그 가등기에 기한 본등기를 마친 경우에 있어서 수익자는 가등기말소등기 청구소송의 상대방이 될 수 없다고 보았다. 그 결과 수익자의 원상회복의무의 면탈 행위를 용이하게 해 줄 수 우려가 항존하고 있었다. 이에 대해 대상판결이 종래의 견해를 변경하여 수익자에게 피고적격을 인정함으로써 수익자를 상대로 사해행위인 매매예약의 취소를 청구할 수 있다고 판시한 것은 매우 바람직한 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 대상판결이 등기 명의인의 동일성이 인정되지 않는 위법한 경정등기가 마쳐졌다 하더라도, 그것이 일단 마쳐져서 경정 후의 명의자의 권리관계를 표상하는 결과에 이르렀고 그 등기가 실체관계에도 부합하는 것이라면 그 등기는 유효하다는 입장에서 경전 전 등기명의인의 권리관계가 소급적으로 소멸하지 않는 것으로 보아 이 사건 매매예약에 관한 사해행위 취소권자인 원고에 대하여 여전히 수익자의 지위에 있어 이들에게 사해행위 취소소송의 피고 적격이 있다고 판시한 것 역시 의미가 있는 것이라 생각된다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.128-138
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• 2016

2015년 12월, 헌법재판소는 주민등록번호 변경이 불가능하도록 한 주민등록법에 대해 헌법불합치 선언을 하고 2017년까지 개정을 하도록 했다. 본 연구에서는 개인정보보호와 관련되어 문제가 되고 있는 주민등록번호제도의 변경방안과 변경방안을 둘러싼 중요한 쟁점사항들에 대해 살펴보고, 이에 대한 일반 국민들의 인식조사를 수행하였다. 설문조사 결과 국민들은 자율적으로 번호를 변경하기를 바라고 있으며 개인정보가 주민등록번호 상에 나타나지 않기를 선호한다. 그리고 주민등록번호 외에 분야별로 별개의 번호를 사용하는 것에 대해 긍정적으로 보고 있다. 하지만 주민등록번호 개편에는 불편 비용이 소요될 것으로 인정되고 있으며, 이러한 불편 비용에 대해 국민들은 개별적으로 부담할 의사가 적었다. 즉 국민들은 주민등록번호 개편에 대해 긍정적이고 그 필요성을 인정하고 있음에도 불구하고 그에 대한 비용을 부담하지는 않으려는 경향이 강하다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 연구 결과는 주민등록번호 개편 방향, 그에 대한 국민의 선호, 그리고 국민들이 주민등록번호를 변경하면서 어느 정도의 불편을 겪을 것인가 하는 것에 대한 기초적 연구가 될 수 있다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권
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• pp.17.1-17.6
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• 2015

Objectives In this study, the possibility of using existing test data provided in Korea and elsewhere for the registration of chemical substances was examined. Data on 510 chemical substances that are among the first subject to registration under the "Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances (K-REACH)" were analyzed. Methods The possibility of using existing data from 16 reference databases was examined for 510 chemical substances notified in July 2015 as being subject to registration. Results Test data with the reliability required for the registration of chemical substances under the K-REACH constituted 48.4% of the required physicochemical characteristics, 6.5% of the required health hazards, and 9.4% of the required environmental hazards. Conclusions Some existing test data were not within the scope of this research, including data used for registration in the European Union (EU). Thus, considering that 350 of these 510 species are registered in EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation & Restriction of Chemicals, more test data may exist that can be utilized in addition to the data identified in this study. Furthermore, the K-REACH states that non-testing data (test results predicted through Read Across, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) and the weight of evidence (test results predicted based on test data with low reliability) can also be utilized for registration data. Therefore, if methods for using such data were actively reviewed, it would be possible to reduce the cost of securing test data required for the registration of chemical substances.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2022

Background: A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was adopted in the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH, EU) regulations as well as the Act on Registration, Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals (AREC, Republic of Korea). It has been previously used in the registration of chemicals. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the correlation between the predicted data provided by three prediction programs using a QSAR model and actual experimental results (acute fish, daphnia magna toxicity). Through this approach, we aimed to effectively conjecture on the performance and determine the most applicable programs when designating toxic substances through the AREC. Methods: Chemicals that had been registered and evaluated in the Toxic Chemicals Control Act (TCCA, Republic of Korea) were selected for this study. Two prediction programs developed and operated by the U.S. EPA - the Ecological Structure-Activity Relationship (ECOSAR) and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) models - were utilized along with the TOPKAT (Toxicity Prediction by Komputer Assisted Technology) commercial program. The applicability of these three programs was evaluated according to three parameters: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: The prediction analysis on fish and daphnia magna in the three programs showed that the TOPKAT program had better sensitivity than the others. Conclusions: Although the predictive performance of the TOPKAT program when using a single predictive program was found to perform well in toxic substance designation, using a single program involves many restrictions. It is necessary to validate the reliability of predictions by utilizing multiple methods when applying the prediction program to the regulation of chemicals.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2017

헌법재판소는 2015년 12월, 주민등록번호 변경을 허용하지 않는 주민등록법 제7조에 대하여 헌법불합치 결정을 내렸다. 그런데 주민등록번호를 개편하는데 가장 문제가 되는 것은 국민들의 불편 비용이다. 주민등록번호를 변경할 때는 주민들이 이미 외워서 사용하고 있는 주민등록번호를 새로 외워야 하는데, 이에 대한 불편 비용이 가장 큰 비용일 것으로 추정하고 있다. 하지만 이 불편 비용이 어느 정도일지에 대해서는 제대로 파악이 되지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 주민등록번호를 개편하는데 대한 국민들의 불편 비용이 어느 정도일지를 추정해보고자 한다. 분석 결과 주민등록번호 13자리를 모두 변경할 경우 불편 비용은 16만 원, 주민번호 뒤 7자리를 변경할 경우의 불편 비용은 10만 8천 원, 세컨 번호 도입시의 불편 비용은 11만 원 정도로 추산되었다. 이 불편 비용은 다른 비용 및 편익 요소들과 같이 포함되어 주민등록 변경 안에 대한 비용편익 분석에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권sup호
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• pp.4.1-4.7
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• 2015

Objectives Approximately 2000 phase-in substances are subject to registration according to the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances (K-REACH), and the expected testing cost is 2.06 trillion Korean won assuming all the test data required for registration are acquired. The extent to which these enormous test costs can be reduced depends on the availability of existing data that can be used to meet the requirements of the K-REACH we examined the current availability of test data that can be used for chemical substance registration. Methods We analyzed the possibility of utilizing the existing test data obtained from 16 reference databases for 369 of 518 kinds of phase-in substances subject to registration that were reported in last October 2014. Results The physical and chemical properties were available for 57.1% of substances, whereas data regarding human hazards and environmental hazards were available at considerably lower rates, 8.5% and 11.8%, respectively. Conclusions Physical and chemical properties were available for a fairly high proportion, whereas human hazards and environmental hazards were reported for considerably fewer substances.

• 월간포장계
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• 통권301호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2018

• 무역상무연구
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• 제15권
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• pp.169-209
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• 2001

As a domain name can be registered simply by filing an application for registration, disputes over the domain name between the holder of domain name and the holder of trademark increased. Since the holder of trademark who was late for registering domain name is willing to pay for the return of domain name, cybersquatters increased. Cybersqatters are not genuine users of the Internet. This article is to compare the construction of law by American Courts and by Korean Courts and to assert the creation of the law similar to the law of US as to anti-cybersqatting. American Courts applied the Trademark Act and the Anti-Dilution Act to resolve the disputes over domain name. To apply the Trademark Act, the Court required the plaintiffs to prove that the goods or the services expressed by the domain name should be identical or similar to the goods or the services represented by the trademark. However, there were many cases where the holder of domain name used it for the goods or the services irrelevant to those of the holder of trademark. Also, the Anti-Dilution Act could not successfully protect the holder of trademark from cybersquatters because it required that the trademark should be famous or distinctive. As a result, the US promulgated a new law which is designed to prohibit cybersquatters from being free of sanction by the existing laws. Korea Courts applied the Trademark Act and the Unfair Competition Prohibition Act to the cases disputing domain name. Likewise in the US, Korean Courts must cope with the issue of identity of the goods or the services, and the famousness or distinctiveness of trademark. The Courts hesitate to give a winning judgement to the holder of trademark simply because the domain name of alleged violator confused the trademark. Some scholars advocate the broadening of construction of the Unfair Competition Prohibition Act to illegalize cybersquatting but it is beyond the meaning of the law. Accordingly, it is a time to make a law similar to the Anti-Cybersquatting Act of the US. The law must be a fair and reasonable compromise to resolve the collision between system of registration of domain name and the system of registration of trademark. Some commentators advocate that the registration of domain name should be examined just as the one of trademark and to facilitate it, the Patent and Trademark Office should have jurisdiction of registration of domain name. But it abandons the distinction of domain name and trademark and results in obstructing e-commerce. By adopting the Anti-Cybersqatting Act, we can prohibit it. In other cases, we get a reasonable adjustment between the holder of domain name and the holder of trademark through the Trademark Act and the Unfair Competition Prohibition Act.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.198-206
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• 2012

주택임대차보호법 제4차 개정에서 신설한 임차권등기명령제도는 임대차기간이 만료 후 보증금을 반환받지 못한 임차인에게 임차주택에 임차권등기를 마치면 종전의 대항력과 우선변제권을 그대로 유지되며, 임차권등기 이후에는 주택임대차보호법 제3조 제1항의 대항요건을 상실하더라도 이미 취득한 대항력과 우선변제권을 상실하지 않는 것으로 정하고 있다. 따라서 임차인은 안심하고 자유롭게 주거를 이전할 수 있어 사회 경제적 약자인 임차인의 권익보호에 중점을 두고 있다. 그러나 현실에서는 고액의 임차보증금을 반환받지 못하여 자유롭게 주거를 이전할 수 없는 임차인들이 대부분이고, 어쩔 수 없이 임차권등기명령에 의한 임차권등기를 마쳐서 이주를 하였다 하더라도 빠른 시일내에 임차보증금을 반환받지 못하는 등 여러 가지 문제점이 있는 바 이에 대한 개선방안을 본 연구에서 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.153-159
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine $LD_{50}$ of benzo[a]pyrene to decide the possibility to designate them as toxic substance on the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances, and to suggest that they should be managed in what level on the Chemical Control Act. Methods: Based on the result of a preliminary study, 300 mg/kg was set as the middle dose. A highest dose of 2,000 mg/kg and a lowest dose of 50 mg/kg were selected based on the OECD TG 423. Benzo[a]pyrene was orally administered once to female and male SD rats at dose levels of 50, 300, 2,000 mg/kg (body weight). All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs and mortality over 14 days. Also testicular spermatid count, motility and etc. were examined as well. Results: Under the condition of this experiment, $LD_{50}$ of benzo[a]pyrene was assumed to be >2,000 mg/kg. In the lesion according to autopsy, there were no specific symptoms in the control and experimental groups. At 2,000 mg/kg, a decrease in the sperm motility was observed. Benzo[a]pyrene should be designated to be toxic substance as the material assumed to be reproduction-toxicity on the Act on the Registration and Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals. Therefore we should abide by legal procedures determined by Chemicals Control Act in treating it. Conclusion: Considering the significant result that sperm motility in the experimental group was inferior to that in the reference group, we suggest that benzo[a]pyrene be designated as a toxic substance.