• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 1976

The action of aconite on the sodium plus potassium activated ATPase activity in the rabbit red cell membrane has been investigated and the experiments were also designed to determine the mechanism of action of aconite on the ATPase activity. The following results were observed. 1. The activity of the NaK ATPase from red cell membrane is stimulated by aconite, and the concentration of aconite for maximal activity is about 80 mg%. The pH optimum for the aconite sensitive component is 8.0. 2. The activating effect of aconite on the ATPase, with a given concentration of sodium in the medium, is increased by raising the potassium concentration but activity ratio is decreased. 3. The activating effect of aconite on the ATPase, with a given concentration of potassium in the medium, is increased by raising the sodium concentration but activity ratio is decreased. 4. The action of aconite on the ATPase activity is inhibited by calcium ions and the effect of inhibition is increased by small amounts of calcium but decreased by larger amounts. 5. The activating effect of aconite on the ATPase was not related to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, the amino group of lysine, the hydroxyl group of threonine or the imidazole group of histidine. 6. The action of aconite on the ATPase activity is due to carboxyl group of the enzyme of NaK ATPase.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.181-185
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• 1999

Higenamine is a cardiotonic constituent of Aconite root, one of the most important oriental traditional medicine. Since Aconite root contains toxic aconitine alkaloids, variously processed roots have been often used. Much works have been done with the chemical significances concerning with the toxic aconitine alkaloids during the processing periods. However, effects of processing on higenamine have not yet been previously studied. In this paper, the extract pattern and the amounts of higenamine extracted with water from unprocessed and processed Aconite roots were compared. R-(+)-isomer was the only higenamine enantiomer detected although racemic higenamine was reported to be separated from Aconitum spp. Sonication for 1 hour resulted in higher higenamine extraction $(12.3\;{\mu}g/g)$ than boiling water extraction for 3 hours $(6.7\;{\mu}g/g)$ of unprocessed Aconite root. Extraction of not only higenamine but also most of the other components of unprocessed Aconite roots were reduced with boiling in water. Similarly, reduced extraction was observed with extracts of all three processed Aconite roots (Kyung-Po-Aconite root, Dang-Po-Aconite root and Huk-Peon-Aconite root) by either sonicated extraction or boiling water extraction.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.31-37
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• 1973

The effects of ethanol extacts of aconite root (Aconitum koreanum) on mean arterial pressure, heart rate, pulse pressure, and respiration were investigated and also studied the effect on electrical activation of the hypothalamus in cats. From the present experiment the following results were obtained. 1) On administering 5 mg or 10 mg aconite extracts per kg of body weight, the mean arterial blood pressure declined markedly possibly as the result of negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of aconite. 2) From the enhanced pressor responses to intravenously injected epinephrine, the existance of vasodilatory effect of the aconite was suggested. 3) After administration of aconite extract, no significant differences were observed in the presser responses to carotid occlusion and to electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. It is, therefore, concluded that the aconite extract exerts no significant effect on the excitability of hypothalamus as well as medullary cardiovascular center of cats. 4) After administration of $5{\sim}10$ mg/kg aconite extracts, respiratory rate was increased while depth of respiration decreased. On the otherhand, respiratory rate was markedly decreased by injection of 20 mg/kg aconite into animal.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.51-58
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• 2010

1. Objectives: After arranging the contents of the usages of Aconite mentioned in the literature - "Dongmu", a power trend me to further study the details of the usages of Aconite. 2 Methods: This study mainly refers to; "Dongmu-YuGo(東武遺稿)"(DYG), "Donguisusebowon-SaSangchobongyun(東醫壽世保元四象草本卷)"(DSS), "Donguisusebowon-GabObon(東醫壽世保元甲午本)"(DGO), "Donguisusebowon-ShinChukbon(東醫壽世保元辛丑本)"(DSC), and the research was written in order to find out the physiology and pathology of Soeumin in SCM. 3 Results and Conclusions 1) Taking aconite in a scale of 3 to 15 gram as common dosage, especially, when a person was critically ill, the dosage of 45 gram was used. Different dosages of aconite were chosen in accordance with some other different conditions, such as the purpose of reducing fever or mid-energizer warming, urinary volume, presence or absence of edema, stages of growth of diseases. In addition, we found a remedy using Remedy Single head garlic(獨頭蒜) instead of aconite. 2) Adverse toxic effects of aconite can be serious, it is dangerous to patients who are administered with aconite in massive amounts or take it in different concocting methods, therefore, further evidence about the laboratory experiments studied in animals and clinical dataare needed to confirm the scope for more widespread and accurate usages of Aconite.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2005

From the tuberous root of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.(Ranunculaceae), the main root is called as common monkhood mother root and the later root is called as the prepared aconite root. From the prepared aconite root. Looking at the processing method of the prepared aconite root, it is divided into Yeombuja (prepared aconite root processed in salt) and heuksoonpyeon (baekbupyeon) following the processing method after removing the soil and this is a way of processing the prepared aconite root without damage it. The recently produced raw prepared aconite root is easily damaged, thus it shall be preserved in salt to have the crystal shape on the surface of the prepared aconite root and store and transport in firmly solidified yeombuja condition. Therefore, yeombuja shall remove the salt before use and requires processing for use but heuksoonpyeon or baekbupyeon may use immediately. For the succession of the unique processing techniques of our ancestors, there has to be studies on the techniques. Prepared aconite root is generally used as holy medicines to cure the yang depletion syndrome, kidney-yang deficiency syndrome, and obstruction of qi in the chest syndrome. However, they are the substances with toxicity. It is contemplated that the contents of processing are broadly understood through the document on the processing method, and based on such foundation, the systematic set and proof on the documents are made along with the addition of the contemporary scientific theory and technology to develop the traditional processing technology to maximize the treatment effect and safety of prepared aconite root. In this study, the historic data and records on the processing method of latteral root of aconitum carmichaeli Debx will be rearranged to contribute to the standardization of medicinal herbs, maximization of efficacy and minimization of the side effects.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 1971

The effects of aconite root in rats and rabbits were studied following oral administration of the powder which was prepared by lyophilization of the decoction of the salted aconite roots. The $LD_{50}$ of the powder, the blood picture, total blood volume, uptake rate of ${42}^K$ and ${24}^Na$ in various organs, oxygen consumption, thyroid activity, and histopathological changes in various organs, were observed. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The $LD_{50}$ of the powder of decoction of the aconite root was 4.07g/kg of body weight in mice which is equivalent to approximately 40g/kg of the salted aconite roots. 2. The number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, hematocrit value, and the amount of hemoglobin in blood were increased in the rats administered daily dosages of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0g/kg respectively. No significant differences were observed in the differential count of leukocytes. A slight tendency of hemoconcentration was recognized. 3. No changes in the erythrocyte volume, plasma volume and total blood volume were observed in the rats after administration of the powder for one, three, and six days. However, those were decreased in rats treated for ten days. 4. Generally, in various organs of rats the uptake rate of ${24}^Na$ showed a tendency of increasing but that of ${42}^K$ slowed a decreasing tendency. 5. The oxygen consumption was markedly decreased in rats administered the powder. 6. Iodine-131 uptake of thyroid gland was markedly decreased in the rabbits following administration of the powder. 7. In rabbits administered 0.5g/kg for 20 days, fatty changes of hepatic cells, cloudy swelling of the epithelial cells of proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney and the dilation of splenic sinuses were observed, however, milder changes were found in rabbits treated with 0.1g/kg for the same period.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.12 no.1_2
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• pp.32-34
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• 1968

Aconitum Uchiyamai NAKAI "geu-neul-dol-che-gi"(Ranunculaceae), is geographically distributed only in Korea. An aconite collected at Mt. Dukwoo, Kangwon-Do flowers with white color in October. The aconite is different from Aconitum Uchiyamai NAKAI from the point of anatomical and morphological views in transplanted and collected aconites. Being a new variety of Aconitum Uchiyamai NAKAI, this aconite is anounced under the name of Aconitum Uchiyamai NAKAI var. albiflorum CHUNG et RIM, "Hin-geu-neul-dol-che-gi" called in Korea. Aconitum Uchiyamai NAKAI var. albiflorum CHUNG et RIM Differt a planta Aconitum Uchiyamai NAKAI per colorem album.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2016

Aconitum is a genus of various species of flowering plants that belongs to the Family Ranunculaceae. Most Aconitum sp. have extremely toxic alkaloid substances such as aconitine, mesaconitine and hypaconitine. Among these substances, aconitine can cause fatal cardiotoxicity by activating sodium channels followed by calcium channels in myocardial cells. Even though there have been various therapeutic plans suggested comprising antidotes based on diverse case reports and studies, there is no confirmatory treatment protocol for aconite poisoning. Here, we report an aconite poisoning patient who had refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia that did not respond to intravenous amiodarone therapies even though they were sustained for over 2 hours, but showed successful recovery following intravenous fat emulsions (IFE) therapy.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.35-37
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• 1971

In oriental drug therapy it has been considered by experience that the intoxication of alkaloids may be controlled by some drugs, and this was not based on scientific evidence. These drugs would contain saponins, as saponins are widely distributed in many vegetable drugs and, therefore, the present experiment was undertaken to find out if effects of saponin on the extracting process of aconite alkaloids could decrease the amount of the alkaloids. The data obtained in the extractions using various concentrations of saponin solution, show a decrease in alkaloid extract, suggesting that saponin forms a less soluble complex with the alkaloids or acts as a detergent.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.133-136
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• 1984

Higenamine (I), cardiotonic principle of Aconite root, was synthesized from 4-methoxy-phenylacetic acid (II) and .betha.-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine (IV). Condensation of IV with 4-mehoxyphenylacetyl chloride (III) was followed by cyclodehydration yielding 1-(4'-methoxybenzyl)-6, 7- dimethoxy-3, 4-dihydroisoquinoline (VI). Reduction of VI to 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (VII) and subsequent demethylation provided desired product higenamine, 1-(4'-hydroxybenzyl)-6, 7- dihydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4, -tetrahydroisoquinoline.