• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.263-268
• /
• 2002

Acifluorfen-tolerant callus lines of Solanum ptycanthum were isolated by stepwise selection. Growth of the unselected line was completely inhibited at 0.5 uM. while some selected lines grew at 8 uM acifluorfen. Twenty-two of twenty-five acifluorfen-tolerant callus lines regenerated shoots. Many of the regenerated somaclones were variants, differing in leaf shape, leaf color, number of flower parts, flower color, and fertility. The acifluorfen tolerant S. ptycanthum callus lines differed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.126-130
• /
• 2005

Acifluorfen tolerance charateristics determined the involvement of absorption, translocation, and metabolism in acifluorfen tolerance. Less than 6% of the applied $^{14}C-acifluorfen$ was absorbed. There were no differences in acifluorfen absorption between susceptible and tolerant somaclones. More $^{14}C-acifluorfen$ was translocated in the susceptible than the tolerant somaclones. The susceptible somaclone did not metabolize acifluorfen while some somaclones (i.e.,EBN-3A) metabolized $^{14}C-acifluorfen$. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen, 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid; eastern black night shade, Solanum ptycanthum Dun.,$#^3$ SOLPT.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.151-156
• /
• 1994

Acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines of S, ptycanthum were isolated by stepwise selection using suspension culture. Growth of unselected line was completely inhibited at $0.5\;\mu\textrm{M}$, while some selected lines grew at $8\;\mu\textrm{M}$ acifluorfen. After subculturing on acifluorfen-free medium for 4 passages, six of the eleven cell lines screened and maintained their tolerance to $2\;\mu\textrm{M}$ acifluorfen. The regeneration capacity of selected cell lines in Solanum ptycanthum differed depending on the tell line. The acifluorfen tolerance of the somarclones regenerated from acifluorfen-tolerant cell lines differed depending on the somarclone. When plants were heated with $16\;\mu\textrm{M}$ acifluorfen, unselected control plane had over 75% phytotoxicity Many selected cell lines had less phytotoxicity than the seed-grown control plants. Tolerance to acifluorfen was inherited to the self-pollinated progenies. The inheritance patterns differed depending on the clone. Acifluorfen tolerance was inherited as a semidominant trait. Other segregation patterns were also observed. acifluorfen tolerance was recessive and acifluorfen sensitivity was dominant.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.337-345
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the protox activity, the PPIX accumulation and the activity of antioxidative enzymes of the oxyfluorfen-tolerant and -susceptible rice cultivars by oxyfluorfen and oxytluorfen-similar herbicides treatment. When treated with acifluorfen, bifenox or oxadiazon, the oxyfluorfen-tolerant rice cultivars showed less decreased in fresh weight than the susceptible rice cultivars. The inhibition of protox activity was in the order of acifluorfen > oxyfluorfen > bifenox > oxadiazon, and the PPIX accumulation was in the sequence of oxadiazon > acifluorfen > oxyfluorfen > bifenox. The inhibition of protox activity and the PPIX accumulation by the herbicide was greater in the susceptible rice cultivars than in the tolerant rice cultivars. The effect inhibiting the decrease of chlorophyll content resulting from the treatment of GC, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis inhibitor, was in the order of oxyfluorfen > acifluorfen > bifenox > oxadiazon, and the tolerant rice cultivar had more than the susceptible rice cultivar. In the treatment of DPE and oxadiazon, the activities of MDAR, POX and GR was higher in the tolerant rice cultivar than in the susceptible rice cultivar, and in the case of POX isozyme the activities of main D and E bands increased in the tolerant rice cultivars at tested herbicides but they didn't in the susceptible rice cultivar.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.52-57
• /
• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the specific activity fo peroxidase(POD) in conjunction with the phytotoxic effect of the tolerant soybean(Glycine max Merr.) and the susceptible crabgrass(Digitaria adscendens(L.) Scopol.) to acifluorfen. The POD activity increased during the growth of soybean and crabgrass seedlings. But after the foliar application of acifluorfen, the POD activity in the treated leaves was considerably higher than in controlled leaves, suggesting that soybean had higher tolerance to acifluorfen with growth. All the treated soybeans recovered from herbicidal injury in 14 days after treatment, while all the treated crabgrasses were dead with extreme necrosis and leaf burning. It was measured that the POD activity of crabgrass increased abruptly in 1 to 2 days after treatment and then significantly decreased in 5 days.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.54-63
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the anatomical and ultrastructural responses of the oxyfluorfen-tolerant and -susceptible rice cultivars with barnyardgrass, a typical susceptible weed by oxyfluorfen and the herbicides having similar mode of action treatment. After the treatment of $10^{-5}M$ oxyfluorfen, the tolerant rice cultivars no showed the structural damage of leaf surface, but the susceptible rice cultivate was damaged in the wax and the susceptible barnyardgrass was even destroyed in the tissue irregularly. Also in the susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass the thickness of leaf blade was greatly decreased. The anatomical change was not observed in the tolerant rice cultivars but epidermal cells, mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells were badly broken in the susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass and especially after 24 hours of the treatment the structure of susceptible rice cultivars was completely disintegrated. The irregularity of chloroplast shape and the distortion of chloroplast envelope were generally observed and the starch tended to decrease by oxyfluorfen treatment regardless of rice cultivars. Such a structural damage were appeared more badly in the susceptible rice cultivars and bamyardgrass than in the tolerant rice cultivars. By the treatment of diphenyl ether herbicides, the thickness of leaf blade greatly reduced in the order of oxyfluorfen > acifluorfen > bifenox > oxadiazon, and the susceptible rice cultivars showed more reduction than the tolerant rice cultivars. Especially, the susceptible rice cultivars showed that the leaf structure was badly broken down with damage epidermal cells and bundle sheath cells.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.327-336
• /
• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the content of antioxidant and GST activity of the oxyfluorfen-tolerant and -susceptible rice cultivars with barnyardgrass, a typical susceptible weed in accordance by oxyfluorfen treatment. The content of vitamin C was higher in the tolerant rice cultivar than in the susceptible rice cultivar and barnyardgrass. The contents of vitamin E, carotenoid, glutathione(GSH, GSSG, total glutathione) were not different between the tolerant and susceptible plants. In the case of the content of vitamin C due to the treatment of oxyfluorfen, the tolerant rice cultivars, Hawon and Baru decreased less than the susceptible rice cultivars and barnyardgrass. After the treatment of oxyfluorfen the contents of vitamin E and GSH in the tolerant rice cultivars were higher than in the susceptible rice cultivars or barnyardgrass. But in the content of carotenoid was greater in the tolerant rice cultivars than in the susceptible rice cultivars but they didn`t have any difference in comparison with the susceptible barnyardgrass. And there was no difference in the content of GSSG between the tolerant and susceptible plants. When CDNB or oxyfluorfen were used as substrate, the GST activity, was higher in the tolerant rice cultivars than in the susceptible rice cultivars or batnyardgrass. After the treatment of oxyfluorfen the GST activity was not induced in the rice, but was induced in the barnyardgrass. Even after the treatment of acifluorfen, bifenox and oxadiazon the GST activity was not induced in the rice cultivars.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.68-78
• /
• 1997

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine differential sensitivities on absorption of $^{14}$ C-oxyfluorfen and the anatomical responses in wheat and barley to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides [oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1- (3-ethoxy -nitrophen-oxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene, acifluorfen(5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitro-benzoic acid), bifenox(methyl-5-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate) and oxadiazon(5-tert-butyl-3-(2, 4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazol-2-one)]. I$_{50}$ value of the tolerant wheat cultivars to oxyfluorfen was about 10$^{-4}$ , whereas that of the susceptible barley cultivars was about 10$^{-6}$ M, showing significant difference between the two groups. When foliage were applied with acifluorfen, bifenox or oxadiazon, the oxyfluorfen-tolerant wheat showed less decreased in shoot fresh weight and chlorophyll content than the susceptible barley. Also, when soil-applied with these herbicides test plants showed similar tendency in foliar application. Electrolyte leakage from the tissue treated with these compounds was the more influenced in the barley than the wheat. Malondialdehyde(MDA) production as index of lipid peroxidation was greater in the barley than the wheat by treatment of these compounds. Therefore, the differential sensitivities of wheat and barley to protoporphyrinogen oxidaseinhibiting herbicides was showed by our greenhouse and in vitro experiment. The absorption rates of $^{14}$ C-oxyfluorfen were higher in the barley than the wheat. And this tendency was showed appararitly difference by increase of treatment durations. After the oxfluorfen and oxadiazon treatment, the tolerant wheat did not show the structural damage in leaf surface, but the susceptible barley was damaged in the leaf waxy layer. However, the acifluorfen and bifenox treatment showed no difference between wheat and barley. The anatomical changes by these compounds treatment were not observed in the tolerant wheat but epidermal cell and mesophyll cell were highly broken in the susceptible barley.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.79-88
• /
• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the protoporphyrin Ⅸ (PPIX)accumulation, activity of antioxidative enzymes and contents of antioxidant in tolerant-wheat and susceptible-barley to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) inhibiting-herbicides [oxyfluorfen(2-chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-nitrophenoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene, acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-(trifl-uoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid), bifenox(methyl-5-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) 2-nitroben-zoate), and oxadiazon (5-tert-butyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one)]. The tolerant-wheat and susceptible-barley were soaked in these compounds at 10$^{-6}$ M for 2hrs and exposed to light for 2,4,6 or 8hrs to investigate change of the activity of antioxidative enzymes. The activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase(MDAR), catalase(CAL) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were lower in the barley than in the wheat after the treatement of these compounds. The activity of peroxidase(POX) was lower in the barley than in the wheat at 8hrs after the treatment of oxyfluorfen but other compounds showed no difference in activity in wheat and barley. The activity of glutathione reductase(GR) was increased in wheat and barley according as hours of treatment of these compounds became increased but its activity was no difference between wheat and barley. In the case of the content of vitamin C due to the treatment of these compounds, the wheat decreased less than the barley. After the treatment of oxyfluorfen the content of vitamin E in the wheat was higher than in the barley but other compounds didn't have any difference between wheat and barley. And after the treatment of acifluorfen the content of carotenoid was greater in the wheat than in the barley but other compounds didn't have any difference between wheat and barley. The content of glutathione (GSH, GSSG) was greater in the barley than in the wheat. The content of protoporphyrin Ⅸ (PPIX) accumulation by the treatments of these compounds was more in the barley than in the wheat. Especially, the treatment of oxyfluorfen and acifluorfen were more accumulated 2.3 and 1.3 fold in the barley than in the wheat, respectively.