• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.248-255
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• 1996

This study was devised to observe in vitro, the inhibitory effects of acidic polysaccharide fractions from Korean red ginseng (KRG) and white ginseng (KWG) on the lipolytic action of loxohormone-L and on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, peptidyldipeptidase hydrolase, EC 3.4.15.1) . The crude acidic polysaccharides (CAP) extracted from main and lateral roots of KRG and KWG were separately purified through several procedures. The total inhibitory activities on the lipolytic action of toxohormone-L of CAP from main roots of KRG and KWG was higher than those of CAP from lateral roots of KRG and KWG, respectively, and that of CAP from main root of KRG was 3.1 times higher than that of CAP from main root of KWG. The specific activity of CAP from main root of KRG was measured as 5.40 units/mg, when one unit was defined as the amount giving 50% inhibition on toxohormone-L induced lipolysls. A subfraction named PG4 3 obtained by replanted chromatography on DEAE-TOYOPEARL 650M gave the specific activity of 24.4 units/mg. On the other hand, it was found that the total inhibitory activity on ACE of CAP from lateral root of KRG was the highest among the 4 kinds of CAP, but the specific activity of CAP from lateral root of KWG was the highest.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2005

Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) roots have long been known as the best medicinal plant and its pharmaceutical bio-activities have been proven by scientific analyses of their components - ginsenosides, acidic polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, fatty acids and organic acids etc. Ginseng hairy roots and callus have been cultured in vitro for stable supply of ginseng material. In this study, the amount of ginsenosides, fatty acids, acidic polysaccharides, phenolic compounds and organic acids in ginseng hairy roots and callus were compared. Higher amount of ginsenoside was found in ginseng hairy roots than ginseng callus. Higher amount of saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) was found in callus and higher amount of unsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acid) was found in hairy roots. Acidic polysaccharide and phenolic compounds were contained by the same amount in both hairy roots and callus. Organic acids were found more in hairy roots.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1647-1653
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• 2008

This study used response surface methodology (RSM) in an effort to optimize the water extraction conditions of Hypsizigus marmoreus in order to increase cytotoxicity activity of the extract. A central composite design was applied to investigate the effects of independent variables, which included the extraction temperature ($X_1$), extraction time ($X_2$), the ratio of solvent to sample ($X_3$) on dependent variables of the extracts, including extraction yield ($Y_1$) and protein content ($Y_2$). The estimated optimal conditions were as follows: $51.3^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature, 8.2 hrs extraction time, and 46.7 mL/g of solvent per sample. The extract (CE) was extracted at optimal condition and crude polysaccharides (CPS) were obtained from CE by ethanol precipitation, dialysis, and freeze drying. Neutral (NPS) and acidic (APS) fraction of polysaccharides were seperated from CPS by ion chromatography. The growth inhibitory effects of the APS (0.5 mg/mL) on AGS human cancer cells were 73.97%. CPS showed the highest growth inhibitory effects on HepG2 human cancer cell at 0.5 mg/mL. However all fraction polysaccharides from Hypsizigus marmoreus showed lower than 20% growth inhibition on SW480 human cancer cell.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.100-103
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• 2005

Lichens play an important role in breaking down rocks physically and chemically. Physical weathering occurs mechanically through hyphae and rhizines growing into the rocks. Lichen substances such as oxalic acid, acidic polysaccharides and depsides may assist altering rocks chemically. These actions partly contribute to soil formation but prove harmful for the substratum. Some people do not like to keep lichens on stained glassof churches or on gravestones mainly because of its unglamorous appearance. A biocide, 'Koretrel', is very effective in removing lichens and blue-green algae from the surface of concrete. After spraying 'Koretrel' in the open air, lichens (Caloplaca sp., Endocarpon petrolepideum, Physciella melanchra, Phaeophyscia hispidula, etc.) growing on buildings died within three months and peeled off fromthe substratum. One year after treatment, concrete surfaces were almost lichen free for three or four years. The biocide makesuse of a kind of lichen substance and harmless both for substances and environment. Our recent experiments show that it is also useful for water grasses growing on the surface of an aqueduct of a hydroelectric power station.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1994

The integumental secretory structure is exocrine unicellular gland located in the epidermis of goldfish, Carassius auratus, and divided into two groups, mucous and granular cells. By the histochemical studies of integumental secretions the mucos cells reacted for acidic polysaccharides, and the granular cells for neutral glycoprotein. According to concentration of the secretion the integumental mucous are gradually sulphated. The mucous cells are typical form of goblet cell located in the upper region of the epidermis, and membrane bounded vesicles of the mucous are observed several size and electron densities by the cellular differentiation. The granular cells in middle and lower epidermis are present syncitial forms occasionally, and contain electron dense granules sized $1.0{\mu}m$ which are accumulated in cytoplasmic process held the cells to the basal lamina. The precursors of the integumental secretory materials are originated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and next transported through the Golgi apparatus as a form of membrane bounded vesicles. After accomplish this process mature secretions are extruded to integumental surface by the mechanism of merocrine secretion in response to nerve stimulations respectively.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

The pine wood meal was ozonated in acidic water. A 91.3% of lignin and 13% of polysaccharides in pine wood meal were degraded with 180 min ozonation. The phenolic hydroxyl groups of lignin in ozonated wood meals were increased with ozonation time. The vanillin content in nitrobenzene oxidation products of lignin is decreased with 10 min. ozonation and it was slightly increased with ozonation time. The sugar composition of ozonated wood meals showed that the hemicellulose was more susceptible to ozonation than cellulose. The crystallinity of ozonated wood meal was increased.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.570-579
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• 2020

Background: Many researchers reported that the various immune activities of red ginseng are due to acid polysaccharides. But, the exact structural characteristics of the acidic polysaccharide in red ginseng have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we isolated the acidic polysaccharide from red ginseng and characterized the structural property of the active moiety of this polysaccharide, which contributes to the immunostimulatory activity of red ginseng. Methods: A polysaccharide (RGP-AP-I) was purified from red ginseng via size-exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G-100. Immunostimulatary activity of RGP-AP-I was investigated via anti-complementory and macrophage stimulatory activity. The structure of RGP-AP-I was characterized by HPLC, sugar composition, β-glucosyl Yariv reagent and methylation analysis. Results: Peritoneal macrophages stimulated using RGP-AP-I significantly augmented the production of various cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The primary structure of RGP-AP-I was elucidated by assessing its sugar composition and methylation analysis. RGP-AP-I is a 96 kDa acidic polysaccharide, and comprises nine different monosaccharides, which mainly include sugars such as rhamnose (Rha, 9.5%), galacturonic acid (GalA, 18.4%), galactose (Gal, 30.4%), and arabinose (Ara, 35.0%). RGP-AP-I exhibited an considerable reaction with the β-glucosyl Yariv reagent, revealing the presence of arabino-β-3,6-galactan. Methylation analysis indicated that RGP-AP-I comprises 21 different glycosyl linkages, such as 3-, 4-, 6- and 3,6-linked Galp; 5-linked Araf; 2,4-linked Rhap; and 4-linked GalAp, which are characteristics of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). Conclusion: we assumed that the immunostimulatory activity of RGP-AP-I may be due to the RG-I structure, which comprises a main chain with a repeating linkage unit, [→2)-Rhap-(1→4)-GalAp-(1→] and three groups of side chains such as (1→5)-linked arabinan, (1→4)-linked galactan, and arabino-β-3,6-galactan, which branch at the C(O)4 positions of Rha residues in the main chain of RGP-AP-I.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.264-269
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• 2001

Large amounts of orange juice are produced in Japan every yea.. Accompanied by the production of orange juice, large amount of juice residues are also generated in nearly the same amounts with juice. Although, at present, some of these residues are marketed as a feed for cattle after drying and mixing with lime, the marketing price is lower than its production cost and the difference is paid by the consumers as a part of the price of orange juice. In the present work, we developed new innovative use of orange juice residue, a biomass waste, as adsorption gel for removing toxic heavy metals such as lead. arsenic, selenium and so on as well as radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium from environments. The major components of orange juice residue are cellulose. hemicellulose and pectin, which are converted into pectic. acid, an acidic polysaccharide, by means of saponification with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. In the previous work, we found that crosslinked pectic acid gel strongly an selectively adsorbs lead over other metals such as zinc an copper. On the other hand. it is well known that polysaccharides such as cellulose can be easily phosphorylated and that phosphorylated polysaccharides have high affinity to uranium and thorium as well as some trivalent metals such as ferric iron and aluminum. Taking account of the noticeable characteristics of these polysaccharides, 2 types of adsorption gels were prepared from orange juice residue: one is the gel which was prepared by saponificating the residue followed by crosslinking with epichlorohydrin and another is that prepared by crosslinking the residue followed by phosphorylation. The former gel exhibited excellent adsorptive separation behavior for lead away from zinc owing to high content of pectic acid while the latter gel exhibited that for uranium and thorium. Both types of adsorption gels exhibited high affinity to ferric iron, which enables selective and strong adsorption for some toxic oxo-anions of arsenic (V and III), . selenium and so on via iron loaded on these gels. These results demonstrate that biomass wastes such as orange juice residue can be effectively utilized fer the purpose of removing toxic heavy or radioactive metals existing in trace or small amounts in environments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 2018

Background: Korean ginseng has been widely evaluated to treat human diseases; however, most studies on Korean ginseng have focused on its root. In this study, polysaccharides [acidic-polysaccharide-linked glycopeptide (APGP) extracted with 90% ethanol and hot water] were prepared from Korean ginseng berries, and their effect on immunosenescence was explored. Methods: The effect of APGP on thymic involution was evaluated by measuring the size of thymi dissected from aged mice. The effect of APGP on populations of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, age-correlated CD11c-positive B cells, and several subtypes of T cells [CD4-positive, CD8-positive, and regulatory (Treg) T cells] in the thymi and spleens of aged mice was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. Profiles of APGP components were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results: APGP suppressed thymic involution by increasing the weight and areas of thymi in aged mice. APGP increased the population of NK cells, but showed no effect on the population of dendritic cells in the thymi and spleens of aged mice. APGP decreased the population of age-correlated CD11c-positive B cells in the spleens of aged mice. APGP showed no effect on the populations of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells in the thymi of aged mice, whereas it increased the population of Treg cells in the spleens of aged mice. APGP further decreased the reduced serum levels of IL-2 in aged mice, but serum levels of IL-6 were not statistically changed by APGP in aged mice. Finally, HPLC analysis showed that APGP had one major peak at 15 min (a main type of polysaccharide) and a long tail up to 35 min (a mixture of a variety of types of polysaccharides). Conclusion: These results suggested that APGP exerted an anti-immunosenescent effect by suppressing thymic involution and modulating several types of immune cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2013

20S-dihydroprotopanaxadiol (2H-PPD) is a derivative of protopanaxadiol, a glycone of ginsenosides prepared from Panax ginseng. Although ginsenosides and acidic polysaccharides are known to be major active ingredients in ginseng, the immunopharmacological activities of their metabolites and derivatives have not been fully explored. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory action of 2H-PPD on the function of monocytes and macrophages in innate immune responses. 2H-PPD was able to boost the phagocytic uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran in macrophages and enhance the generation of radicals (reactive oxygen species) in sodium nitroprusside-treated RAW264.7 cells. The surface levels of the costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 were also increased during 2H-PPD treatment. In addition, this compound boosted U937 cell-cell aggregation induced by CD29 and CD43 antibodies, but not by cell-extracellular matrix (fibronectin) adhesion. Similarly, the surface levels of CD29 and CD43 were increased by 2H-PPD exposure. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that 2H-PPD has the pharmacological capability to upregulate the functional role of macrophages/monocytes in innate immunity.