• Advances in environmental research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2016

Large amounts of aluminum hydroxide ($Al(OH)_3$) exist in water purification sludge (WPS) because of the added aluminum coagulant in water treatment process. Notably, $Al(OH)_3$ is an amphoteric compound, can be dissolved in its basic condition using sodium hydroxide to form aluminate ions ($Al(OH)_4{^-}$). However, in a process in which pH is increasing, the humid acid can be dissolved easily from WPS and will inhibit the recovery and reuse of the dissolved aluminate ions. This study attempts to fix this problem by a novel approach to separate $Al(OH)_4{^-}$ ions using nanofiltration (NF) technology. Sludge impurity in a alkaline solution is retained by the NF membrane, such that the process recovers $Al(OH)_4{^-}$ ions, and significantly decreases the organic matter or heavy metal impurities in the permeate solution. The $Al(OH)_4{^-}$ ion is an alkaline substance. Experimental results confirm that a recovered coagulant of $Al(OH)_4{^-}$ ion can effectively remove kaolin particles from slightly acidic synthetic raw water.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.188-191
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• 1991

The mild hydrolysis of ginsenosie Re with 50% acetic acid gave a prosapogenin mixture, 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2. The products were acetylated to give the peracetates, which were further converted into 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1 by the alcoholic alkaline treatment.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.7-12
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• 1991

Wool gabardines were treated with alkaline proteases, and their tensile strerigth and dyeing behavior were obtained. Enzylon ASA 30 and Alcalase 2.5L DX did not show much effect on the weight loss of wool, but Esperase 8.0L decreased the weight of wool to a great extent. Pretreatment of wool with dichloroisocyarturic acid before protease-treatment increased the weight loss of wool considerably. Weight loss was accompanied by serious strength decrease and the use of sodium sulfate in the protease-treatment had not effect on the strength retention, only lowering the weight loss of wool. Protease-treatment of wool increased dyeability considerably, which may be due to the change in the inner structure of wool fiber by protease.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1047-1060
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• 2003

Conjugated linoleic acid(CLA)를 비육돈에 급여하여 비육돈 체조직내에 CLA를 축적시키고, CLA가 축적된 돈육의 품질특성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. CLA는 alkaline isomerization 방법으로 식용유를 이용하여 전체 CLA 이성체가 50%인 CLA를 화학적으로 합성하였다. 대조구는 80${\sim}$110 kg 까지는 일반사료회사에서 생산하는 사료를 급여하였으며, 처리구 1은 출하(출하체중:110 kg) 2주전부터 일반사료회사에서 생산하는 사료에 CLA를 1.25% 첨가하여 급여하였으며, 처리구 2는 출하 2주전부터 사료 함량에 CLA를 2.5% 첨가하여 급여하였다. 처리구 3은 사료 함량에 1.25% CLA를 첨가하여 4주간 급여하였으며, 처리구 4는 2.5% CLA를 4주간 급여하였다. 급여기간이 끝난 후 일괄적으로 함양도축장에서 도축하여 돈육의 등심부위를 함기포장하여 냉장온도(4$^{\circ}C$)에서 14일간 저장하면서 각 실험항목을 조사하였다. 저장기간에 따른 돈육등심의 CLA 함량, 콜레스테롤, 지방산 조성, 지방산화, 조직감 및 연도 등을 조사하여 CLA가 축적된 돈육의 저장기간에 따른 품질특성을 규명하고자 하였다. CLA 급여수준과 급여기간이 전단가에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 처리구간의 비교에서 저장 8일 까지는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었지만 저장 11일과 14일에는 대조구가 CLA 급여 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 낮은 전단가를 보였다(P〈0.05). 모든 처리구들이 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 유의적으로 낮아지는 결과를 보였다(P〈0.05). 경도는 전 저장기간 동안 처리구간의 비교에서 대조구와 CLA 급여 처리구간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 저장기간의 경과에 따른 변화는 모든 처리구가 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 점착성은 대조구와 CLA 급여 처리구간에 뚜렷하게 차이나는 경향이 없고 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 뚜렷한 변화가 없었다. TBARS 변화는 전 저장기간동안 처리구간의 비교에서 CLA를 급여하지 않은 대조구에 비하여 CLA를 급여한 처리구가 유의적으로 낮은 TBARS를 보였다(P〈0.05). 저장기간에 따른 비교에서는 모든 처리구가 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다(P〈0.05). 콜레스테롤 함량은 저장 2일에 대조구와 비교해서 CLA 급여 처리구가 유의적으로 낮은 콜레스테롤 함량을 나타내었으며(P〈0.05), T4 처리구가 가장 낮은 콜레스테롤 함량을 나타내었다(P〈0.05). 지방산 조성은 전 저장기간동안 CLA 급여수준과 급여기간이 증가할수록 myristic, palmitic 및 stearic acid 함량은 유의적으로 증가하며(P〈0.05), 반면에 oleic, linoleic 및 arachidonic acid 함량은 유의적으로 감소하였다(P〈0.05). CLA 함량을 보면 CLA를 급여하지 않은 대조구는 CLA가 검출되지 않았지만 CLA 급여 처리구에서는 CLA 급여수준과 급여기간이 증가할수록 육내 축적율이 직선적으로 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 보면 CLA를 육내에 축적시킬 수 있으며, CLA가 축적된 돈육은 저장 중 지방산화를 억제하는 항산화 능력이 있어 고품질 . 고기능성 돈육생산이 가능하다고 사료된다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2018

The anodic oxidation behavior of Si-containing aluminum alloy for diecasting was investigated. Especially, the property changes during anodization both on aluminum 1050 and 9 weight percentage silicon containing aluminum (Al-9Si) alloys were analyzed by the static current test. In order to fabricate a uniform anodic oxidation film by effect of Al-Si compound, nitric acid containing hydrofluoric acid had been used as a desmutter for aluminum alloy after alkaline etching. It was found that the level of voltage of Al-9Si alloy during the static current test was almost as double as higher than aluminum 1050 through anodization. By adding hydrofluoric acid in the nitric acid electrolyte, the silicon compound on the surface was removed, and the optimum amount of added hydrofluoric acid could be derived. It was also observed that the size of silicon compound formed on the surface could be refined by heat treatment at $500^{\circ}C$ and followed water quenching.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.689-696
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• 1995

Effects of several cytokines($IL-1{\beta},\;TNF_{\alpha},\;and\;IFN_{\gamma}$) have been examined on fetal rat osteoblast-like cells. To investigate whether cytokines play direct causal roles in production of lysosomal enzyme, fetal rat osteoblast-like cells were treated with $IL-1{\beta},\;TNF_{\alpha},\;and\;IFN_{\gamma}$, respectively or combined. And acid phosphatase was determined by biochemical method. Alkaline phosphatase was assayed to determine the effects of $IL-1{\beta},\;TNF_{\alpha},\;and\;IFN_{\gamma}$ on the expression of this enzyme. And also experiment of calcified nodule formation was performed to assess the effects of cytokines on the bone-forming activity of osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Acid phosphatase activity was significantly increased by the addition of $IL-1{\beta}\;and\;TNF_{\alpha}$, whereas decreased by $IFN_{\gamma}$. However, no significant change:: in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed when the osteoblast-like cells were treated with $IL-1{\beta}\;and\;TNF_{\alpha}$. Interestingly, $IFN_{\gamma}$ showed stimulatory effect on alkaline phosphatase activity. The number of calcified nodules was decreased by treatment of cultures with 1 ng/ml $IL-1{\beta},\;20\;ng/ml\;TNF_{\alpha}$, and 500 u/ml $IFN_{\gamma}$ continuously for 21 days, while considerable number of calcified nodules were formed in control group of osteoblast-like cell in culture for 21 days. These results seem to suggest that cytokines may play crucial roles in bone remodeling through the direct action on the osteoblast-like cell.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.87-91
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• 1996

The optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme activity were 45$^{\circ}C$ and 10.0, respectively. The enzyme was stable in a pH range of 5 to 10, and 62% of its activity was lost on heat treatment of 60$^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. The activity of the purified enzyme was inhibited by $Fe^{2+},\;Zn^{2+}\;and\;Pb^{2+}$, and slightly activated by $Mn^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$. ${\gamma}$-Chloromercuribenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrophenol and $H_{2}O_{2}$ did not show inhibitroy effect on the lipolytic activity of the alkaline lipase but ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid inhibited the enzyem activity. This suggested that the enzyme have metal group in its active site. Sodium salts of bile acids stimulated the enzyme activity. Analysis of hydrolyzates of olive oil after the reaction revealed that Serratia liquefaciens AL-11 produced non-specific lipolytic enzyme.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.272-279
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• 2006

The gene encoding Thermus sp. T351 alkaline phosphatase (T351 APase) was cloned and sequenced. The gene consisted of 1,503 bp coding for a protein with 500 amino acid residues including a signal peptide. The deduced amino acid sequence of T351 APase showed relatively low similarity to other Thermus APases. The T351 APase gene was expressed under the control of the T7lac promoter on the expression vector pET-22b(+) in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The expressed enzyme was purified by heat treatment, and $UNO^{TM}$ Q and $HiTrap^{TM}$ Heparin HP column chromatographies. The purified enzyme exhibited high activity at extremely alkaline pHs, reaching a maximum at pH 12.0. The optimum temperature of the enzyme was $80^{\circ}C$, and the half-life at $85^{\circ}C$ was approximately 103 min. The enzyme activity was found to be dependent on metal ions: the addition of $Mg^{2+}$ and $CO^{2+}$ increased the activity, whereas EDTA inhibited it. With p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate, T351 APase had a Michaelis constant ($K_{m}$) of $3.9{\times}10^{-5}M$. The enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of a wide variety of phosphorylated compounds.

• 청정기술
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2003

금속가공 공정에서 알루미늄 합금소재의 알칼리 에칭 후 표면에 발생한 스머트(Smut) 를 제거하기 위해 무질산 디스머트(Nitric acid-free desmut) 용액을 개발하였다. 과산화수소(2%), 불산(0.5%) 및 황산(10%)을 혼합한 산용액이 NaOH 수용액에 처리한 A16061 및 A15052 규격의 알루미늄 합금 소재에 대한 스머트 제거효과가 5% 질산수용액의 사용할 경우와 유사하게 관찰되었다. 스머트 제거를 위한 혼합 산용액 처리 전 후 소재 표면을 SEM-EPMA 분석을 통해 확인하였다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2008

The physico-chemical characteristics by bleaching treatments were assessed by several instrumental analyses such as surface morphology, chemical structural change, color change as well as tensile strength. The change of morphological characteristic was observed through scanning electron microscope(SEM). The observation of the fine structure on hair surface by SEM showed the bleached hair had much damaged to hair cuticle, and some of cuticle surface were worn away. To investigate the chemical structural changes in hair keratin, the cross-sections of hair samples were directly analysed using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy(FT-IRM). The results showed the cysteic acid S=O band intensity was distinctively increased by performing the bleaching treatment. The cleavage of cystine was appeared to proceed primarily through the sulfur-sulfur (-S-S-) fission whereby cysteic acid was formed as a principal oxidation products. The distribution of amide I band in hair keratin was determined by attenuated total reflectance(ATR) FT-IR mapping image. The results showed that the outer side of hair cortex was more damaged than the inner side of the hair cortex. Also, during chemical bleaching of the hair with alkaline peroxide, the hair was turned to reddish yellow due to the oxidative degradation of eumelanin. This means the eumelanin is more unstable than pheomelanin in chemical oxidation. With bleaching, the tensile strength was also reduced as a results of the chemical oxidation.