• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.224-231
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• 2012

We investigated the effects of various washing methods on the quality of semi-dried Pacific saury Cololabis saira, known in Korea as Guamegi. We immersed samples for 5 min in seawater, tap water, chlorinated water (100 mg/kg), ammonia water (100 mg/kg), citric acid (0.1 M), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, 0.2 g/kg), or sesame oil (5 g/100 g), and then dried them in the sun for 3 days. The moisture and crude lipid contents after drying were 26.62-32.49 g/100 g and 26.40-33.01 g/100 g, respectively. The moisture content significantly decreased while the crude lipid content increased during drying. The different washing methods did not have a significant effect on the acidity, peroxide values, or levels of thiobarbituric acid or biogenic amine in Guamegi. The lightness of Guamegi during drying significantly decreased, but this decrease was not significantly different among washing methods. The degree of acceptance in a sensory evaluation was higher for Guamegi treated with sesame oil. Our results suggest that these washing methods should not be used to inhibit lipid oxidation, biogenic amine formation, or color changes in semi-dried Pacific saury, because effective components are extracted by the lipids during drying.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.344-347
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• 2003

Pure tantalum powder has been produced by combining Na as a reducing agent, $K_2$TaF$_{7}$ as feed material, KCl and KF as a diluent in a stainless steel (SUS) bomb, using the method of metallothermic reduction. And we examined various types of after-treatment that affect the high purification of powder. A significant amount of impurities contained in recovered powder was removed in various conditions of acid washing. In particular, 20% (HCl + HNO$_3$) was effective in removing heavy metal impurities such as Fe, Cr and Ni, 8% H$_2$SO$_4$ + 8% $Al_2$(SO$_4$)$_3$ in removing fluorides such as K and F from non-reactive feed material, and 2% $H_2O$$_2$ + 1 % HF in removing oxides that formed during reaction. Significant amounts of oxygen and part of light metal impurities could be removed through deoxidation and heat treatment process. On the other hand, because it is difficult to remove completely heavy metal impurities such as Fe, Cr, and Ni through acid washing or heat treatment process if their contents are too high, it is considered desirable to inhibit these impurities from being mixed during the reduction process as much as possible.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2004

음이온 비소와 양이온 아연 및 니켈로 오염된 토양을 산세척으로 복원하기 위해서 토양세척 파일럿 장비를 이용해서 토양의 물성과 산세척 특성 및 미세토양과 용존 오염물의 발생 특성을 고찰하였다. 비소와 아연 및 니켈의 pH $2{\sim}3$에서 산세척시 황산과 인산은 공존 경쟁 음이온의 존재로 비소의 제거 효율을 높였고, 염산은 비소, 니켈, 아연을 동시에 효율적으로 제거하였다. 세척조에서 화학적 용출은 임계체류시간 이상에서 세척 효율이 일정해졌고, 산에 의한 용출 가능한 존재형태는 교환성 및 산화물 결합과 유기성 결합형태, 그리고 부분적으로 잔류형태였다. 오염 토양의 입도에 따른 과립의 토양입자의 토양세척 효율은 높지만, 미세입자($<74{\mu}m$)는 오염물질의 농집 현상이 일어나서 제거효율이 감소했다. 또한, $<149{\mu}m$ 이하의 미세토양을 물리적 입도 분리시 전체 세척효율이 향상되었다. 따라서, 미세토양의 양이 최소가 되고 화학적 용출이 최대가 되는 세척 효율 교차지점에서 화학적 용출과 미세토양의 분리가 토양세척의 증가된 효율을 보여 주었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2011

The feasibility study of soil flushing was investigated to remediate lubricant oil and zinc contaminated railway soil. In this study, mixed washing agents of surfactant and inorganic acid/base were used for the simultaneous removal. The mixed washing agent of non-ionic surfactant and HCl removed 15% of the lubricant oil and 40% of zinc, respectively. Alkaline-enhanced soil washing process increased the removal of lubricant oil up to 40%. This is because alkaline solution reduced the interfacial tension between water phase and lubricant oil phase due to the soap formation reaction. To simulate in-situ soil flushing for the remediation of railroad-related contamination, two dimensional soil flushing was carried out based on the results of batch soil washing. In the soil flushing, the removal efficiencies of lubricant oil and zinc were 34% and 16%, respectively. Even though the removal efficiency was low, the mixed washing agent can remove metal and lubricant oil simultaneously.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.992-1001
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• 1996

The binding of polyethylene glycol (PEG, average molecular weight 600) to cotton fabrics was achieved by using pad-dry-cure process in the presence of citric acid, MgCl3·6H3O, DMDHEU, and TEAHCL. Treated fabrics were dyed with direct, acid, and basic dye. Wrinkle recovery angles, durable press rate, wettability, dyeability and color fastness to washing of all treated cottons were evaluated. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The wrinkle resistance of the PEG treated cottons was increased by increasing PEG and DMDHEU concentration. 2. The wettability of the PEG treated cottons was decreased by increasing PEG and DMDHEU concentration, increased by increasing TEAHCL concentration. 3. PEG/DMDHEU/TEAHCL treated cottons had greater affinity on direct, acid, and basic dye than untreated cottons, and dyeability of the modified cottons was improved compare to untreated fabrics. 4. Color fastness to washing of the PEG/DMDHEU/TEAHCL treated cottons was good except for the wash fastness of the direct dye.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.225-232
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• 2019

The colorants of kale powders were optimally extracted using an 1:1 mixture solvent of ethanol and DMSO at 105℃ for 30 minutes obtaining a high yield of 359.7㎍/mL chlorophylls. Low color fastness of the dyed fabrics with the extracts, particularly against washing and solar radiation, can be overcome by the combined treatments of chitosan, heat setting and tannic acid. Washing fastness to color change was improved from rating 1-2 up to 5 due to the enhanced electrostatic interactions between the colorants and the positive glucosamine unit of the chitosan in the cationized cotton. In addition, the tannic acid treatment contributed to the additional increase in color fastness after the sequential treatments of chitosan pretreatment, dyeing and heat setting.

• 생약학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the content of foreign mineral materials and heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Hg) contained in commercial herbal medicines (1504 samples) classified by parts used, and the effect of removing heavy metals by washing treatment (take 50 g of the sample and put 1000 ml of distilled water, shake it gentle by hand for 1 min). The 5% trimmed means of acid-insoluble ash value (%) were as follows; above ground parts (0.76) and underground parts (0.52). Those of the total amount of individual heavy metals value (mg/kg) were as follows; caulis (1.33), flos (1.23), herba (0.91), cortex (0.76), rhizoma (0.73), radix (0.67), semen (0.44) and fructus (0.39). Acid-insoluble ash content was correlated with Pb in herbal medicines of underground parts (r=0.446) (p<0.01). After washing, the removal rate of heavy metals contained in 6 radix herbal medicines shows 33-13% respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.401-409
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• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition of distillery yeast sludge and its inclusion in broiler diets to replace canola meal. Raw distillery yeast sludge was washed with water using water and sludge in the ratio 6:1, respectively. Proximate analysis of raw distillery yeast sludge and washed distillery sludge was carried out for crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), ether extract (EE), ash, acid insoluble ash and nitrogen free extract (NFE) determination. Mineral contents and amino acid profile of raw distillery yeast sludge and washed distillery sludge were also determined. After chemical evaluation, four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous broiler starter and finisher diets were prepared in mash form using 0 (control), 4, 8 and 12% levels of washed distillery sludge replacing canola meal. One hundred and twenty day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 12 experimental units in such a way that each diet was offered to three experimental units, each comprising of 10 chicks. It was observed that washing affected the nutrients either by decreasing or increasing their concentration. It decreased the total mineral contents whereas CP, TP, EE and NFE contents increased. Washing also increased amino acid profile. Average feed intake and weight gain were higher in birds fed diet containing 8% washed distillery sludge and lower in birds fed diet containing 0% washed distillery sludge. Feed cost per kg live weight gain decreased significantly as the level of washed distillery sludge was increased in the diet. Average heart, liver and pancreas weights decreased with increased level of washed distillery sludge in the diet. The study revealed that after washing, distillery yeast sludge can be used successfully in broiler diets up to the level of 8% without any adverse effect on broiler's performance.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.94-103
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• 2014

In this study washing efficiency and desorption isotherms for heavy petroleum oil (HPO), Zn, and Pb bound to complex contaminated soils were examined using various soil flushing agents. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), methanol, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and citric acid were selected as soil flushing agents. 3% (w/v) and 4% SDS showed the highest removal efficiency for HPO, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Thus, 3% SDS was chosen as the best soil flushing agent for HPO. In the case of heavy metals, 0.1-M EDTA showed the highest removal efficiencies. But 0.05-M citric acid was selected due to its economic and eco-friendly strengths. The desorption isotherms obtained using Freundlich and Langmuir models indicated that the maximum desorption characteristics ($K_F$ and $Q_{max}$) of HPO with 4% SDS and 90% methanol and heavy metals with 0.1-M EDTA and 0.1-M citric acid, respectively, were markedly lower than in other cases. In addition, when 4% SDS and 90% methanol were used for HPO in the range of $C_e$ higher than 600 mg/L, and when 0.1M citric acid and 0.1M EDTA were used for Zn and Pb in the range of $C_e$ higher than 300 and 100 mg/L, respectively, the distribution constant converged to certain levels. Thus, constant values of $K_U$ and $K_L$ were determined. It was found that these constants represent the maximum desorption capacity and they can be used as distribution coefficients of desorption equilibrium for the flushing agents. The results of this study provided fundamental information for the selection of the best agents as well as for the process design and operation of soil washing/soil flushing of complex contaminated soils.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.471-477
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• 2007

Purpose: Hydrofluoric acid(HF) is one of the most dangerous mineral acids with dissociated fluoride ions. As hydrofluoric acid is present in various household products(such as rust removers), a large population of industrials is at the risk of HF exposure. It is a very strong organic acid, used widely in glass etching, metal washing, and in the semiconductor industry. Even when using adequate safety measures, lack of care on the user's part results in chemical burn by HF. Symptoms caused by HF-induced chemical burns shows delayed manifestations resulting in a loss of proper treatment opportunities. We therefore reviewed 20 cases of HF-induced chemical burns and treatment principle. Methods: The objects of this study were 19 male patients and 1 female treated from March 2004 to March 2006. There were 19 cases of injury on digits and 1 on the wrist area. There were 15 cases of immediate treatment after sustaining HF-induced burns, and 5 cases of delayed treatment. As a principle, in the emergency treatment, partial or complete removal of the nail along with copious washing with normal saline was done, depending on the degree of HF invasion of the distal digital extremities. Results: The 15 cases who came to the hospital immediately after the injury were healed completely without sequelae, and those who delayed their treatment needed secondary surgical measures, due to the severity of inflammation and necrosis of the digital tissues. Conclusion: As the industrial sector develops, the use of HF is increasing more and more, leading to increase in incidences of HF-induced chemical burns. When treating chemical burns caused by HF, washing by copious amounts of normal saline, along with early removal of the nails, rather than calcium gluconate, seems to be a available method for preserving the shape and function of the digits and the nail. The education of patients regarding this subject should be empathized accordingly.