• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 1993

This research aims to study the changes In gastrointestinal function attributed to aging In human. The thresholds for recognition and detection of flavors became elevated and salivary gland acinar cells decreased in the old age. But most esophageal function remained relatively Intact. Although gastric emptying time has been slowed with aging, the total intestinal transit time did not differ. Atropic gastritis due to H. pylori in old man decreased secretion of acid and Intrinsic factor and absorbability of calcium and iron. Pancreatic secretion is droned in older persons. Prevalence of gallstones rised with age. Liver size and portal blood flow decreased significantly with age. Mucosal surface area has been reported to be slightly diminished in the aging man. Glucose transporters decreased and Insulin tolerance Increased. Absorption of aromatic amino acid is diminished with age. Dietary protein In that aging human increased fecal nitrogen excretion. Vitamin A tolerance increased. Vitamin D receptor concentration decreased and resistance to 1,25-(OH)2D3 action increased. Permeability of aging small Intestine Increased. Zinc balance dirt not differ Copper absorption appeared not to be significantly affected by age. Neurotensin secretion decreased thus slowed colonic peristaltic movements and Intestinal mucosal growth.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.362-370
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• 1999

Propolis, a natural resinous compound collected from honey bees, contains many biochemical constituents(wax, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, etc.) and has been used in traditional medicines as early as 300 B.C. It was been demonstrated that ethanol, acetylsalicylic acid, ischemia reperfusion, non-steroidal antiin-flammatory drugs and stress induce gastric lesions by promoting the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites. Therefore, some drugs that are capable of scavenging or inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen radicals might be expected to prevent the gastric mucosal injury. The aim of this study was 1) to examine the antiulcer effect of propolis, 2) to investigate the mechanism of action by determining gastric acid secretion, lipid per-oxidation, mucus content and proton pump ($H^+$/$K^+$-ATPase) activity on gastric mucus in varios experimental models, and finally, 3) to isolate and identify the pure compounds that exert antiulcer activity. Step 2-1 and 2-3 sub-sub fraction shoed a significant reduction of severity of gastirc damage at the dose of 25 mg/kg in various experimental models. We isolated 4 sub-sub-sub fractions by flash column chromatography of Step 2-1 sub-sub fraction and one sub-sub-sub fraction by recrystalization of Step 2-3 sub-sub fraction. The protective effects of propolis sub-sub-sub fraction manifested sifnificant effects in HCl-ethanol induced gastric erosion model and aspirin induced gastric ulcer model. These results showed that the gastric mucosal protective effect of propolis might result from the increase of mucus secretion, free radical scavenging effect as well as the reduction of acid secretion in accordance with the reduction of $H^+$/$K^+$-ATPase activitv. Three compounds were isolated and identified from sub-sub fraction of propolis which showed antiulcer effects. Subsequently, these compounds were identified as a flavonoid, namely, 2-acetoxy-5,7,-dihydroxy-flavanone, galangin and chrysin.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 1994

Plasma phamacokinetics and renal excretion of theophylline (TP) and its metabolities were ivnestigated in rats. Plasma concentrations of TP declined in a monoexponential manner, while those of 1-methyluric (MU) and 1,3-dimethyluric(DMU) declined in a biexponential manner upon respective iv bolus injection of each compound at 6mg/kg dose. The total body clearances $(CL_r)$ of the metabolites were 4-6 fold larger than that of TP, while the distribution volumes of them at steady-state $(Vd_{ss})$ were 40-50% smaller than that of TP. The metabolites showed their plasma peaks in 30 min after iv injection of TP indicating than that to MU. Renal excretion of TP and its metabolites was studied in urine flow rate (UFR)-controlled rats. The renal clearance $(CL_r)$ of TP was inversely related to pasma TP concentrations, and much smaller than the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) suggesting tubular secretion and profound reabsorption in the renal tubule. The $(CL_r)$ of each metabolite also showed that inverse relationship, but far exceeded GFR suggesting that tubular secretion than GFR by ip injection of probenecid (142.7 mg/kg). It supports that the metabolies are secreted in the renal tubule, and suggests that they share a common transport system in their sectrtion processes with probenecid. On the other hand, the $(CL_r)$ of TP was not affected significantly by the probenecid treatment. Considering the inverse relationship of TP between the $(CL_r)$ and its ploasma concentrations,no effect of probenecid on $(CL_r)$ of TP is most likely due to negligible contribution of the secretion to the overall $(CL_r)$ of TP.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1052-1056
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• 2004

A secretion signal sequence-selection vector (pGS40) was constructed based on an $\alpha$-amylase gene lacking a secretion signal and employed for selecting secretion signals from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris LM0230 chromosomal DNA. Six fragments were identified based on their ability to restore $\alpha$-amylase secretion in E. coli, and among these, a fragment, S405, conferred the highest secretion activity (84%) in E. coli. Meanwhile, S407, which conferred poor secretion activity in E. coli, was quite active in L. lactis. The results suggested that the efficiency of a secretion signal depended on the host. All six fragments had an open reading frame (ORF) fused to the reporter gene, and the potential Shine-Dalgamo (SD) sequence and putative promoter sequences were located upstream of the ORF. Deduced amino acid sequences from the six fragments did not show any homology with known secretion signals. However, they contained three distinguished structural features and cleavage sites, commonly found among typical secretion signals. The characterized secretion signals could be useful for the construction of food-grade secretion vectors and gene expression in LAB.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.219-232
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• 1989

The present study was done to investigate the mechanism of Pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion in response to dietary components in chicks. A simplefied pancreatic juice collection method, useful for a short-term experiment, was developed. By wing vein injection, it was shown that the increased trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, while neither other single amino acids nor glucose affected the secretion of enzymes, amylase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Cholecystokinin (CCK) had an immediate effect on pancreatic enzyme secretion and this response was in a dose dependent fashion. The injection of CCK seemed to have selective stimulation favoring the secretion of chymotrypsinosen followed by amylase and trypsinogen. Simultaneous injection of single amino acid with CCK increased digestive enzyme secretion to various extents depending on the kind of amino acids whereas the injection of glucose with CCK did not affect when compared with that of CCK'alone. By varying doses, synergetic action of CCK plus amino acid on the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes was observed at 0.5mM for Val and 5mM for Arg. A further attempt was made to examine the effect of combined administration of amino acids with CCK on pancreatic enzyme secretion. The injected substances were an AAs mixture and combination of selected amino acids, i.e. Thr＋Phe＋Ile, Thr＋Phe. Thr＋Ile or Phe＋Ile. When increases in enzyme outputs for the first 30 min were compared , it was shown that the responses of three enzymes, amylase, trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, brought about by the administration of the AAs mixture was almost entirely accounted for by the combined injection of Thr＋Phe. Thus, it was well demonstrated that CCK and amino acids had a synergetic action on the secretion of a specific pancreatic digestive enzyme depending on a kind of amino acid injected.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.306-313
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• 2024

Given the diversity of vegetables utilized in food fermentation and various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations in these materials, comprehensive studies on LAB from vegetable foods, including kimchi, are imperative. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the obesity-related inflammation response of three metabolites-phenyllactic acid (PLA), indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), and leucic acid (LA)-produced by LAB (Companilactobacillus allii WiKim39 and Lactococcus lactis WiKim0124) isolated from kimchi. Their effects on tumor necrosis factor-α-induced changes in adipokines and inflammatory response in adipose-derived human mesenchymal stem cells were examined. The study results showed that PLA, ILA, and LA, particularly PLA, effectively reduced lipid accumulation and triglyceride, glycerol, free fatty acid, and adiponectin levels. Furthermore, the identified metabolites were found to modulate the expression of signaling proteins involved in adipogenesis and inflammation. Specifically, these metabolites were associated with enriched expression in the chemokine signaling pathway and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, which are critical pathways involved in regulating immune responses and inflammation. PLA, ILA, and LA also suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and several inflammatory markers, with the PLA-treated group exhibiting the lowest levels. These results suggest that PLA, ILA, and LA are potential therapeutic agents for treating obesity and inflammation by regulating adipokine secretion and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.331-335
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• 1997

In a preliminary screening of plant extracts for the antigastritic and antiulcer actions in rats, the methanol extracts of Taheebo showed positive activity in HCI . ethanol-induced gastric lesion. Among the systematic fractions of hexane, chloroform, butanol and water, the most potent $H_2O$ fraction reduced significantly HCI . ethanol-induced gastric lesion at the oral dose of 300 mg/kg. In pylorus ligated rats chloroform and butanol fraction showed decreases in the volume of gastric secretion and acid output of which effects were stronger in chloroform fraction. Further assays with hexane butanol and $H_2O$ fraction disclosed that it significantly suppressed the aspirin-induced ulcer. The butanol fraction reduced significantly acetic acid induced ulcer at the dose of 400 mg/kg. The butanol and $H_2O$ fraction reduced the malondialdehyde level in HCI . ethanol-induced gastric lesion. In pylorus ligated rats, chloroform and butanol fraction reduced the malondialdehyde level and in aspirin-induced ulcer, chloroform fraction reduced that levle. These results might suggest that the butanol and $H_2O$ fraction of Taheebo had inhibitory action in gastric lesion and ulceration through inhibition of gastric acid secretion and the decrease malondialdehyde level.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2007

Glycyrrhizae Radix, the dried roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra or Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer(Legumino-sae), has been used as a medicine for treatment of imflammation, arthritis, respiratory ailment, skin diseases and liver problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 70% ethanol extract, 18-${\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrol and carbenoxolone disodium from Glycyrrhizae Radix on gastritis and gastric cancer. Using these materials, we tested antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori, antigastritic activity for HCI-ethanol-induced gastric lesion and the pylorus ligated gastric secretion with rats, and cell viability in gastric cancer cell. 18-${\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid and carbenoxolone disodium decreased the volume of gastric secretion and acid output in pylorus ligated rats. Also, carbenoxolone disodium had a strong effect of antibacterial activity on H. pylori. In addition 18-${\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrol reduced cell viability in human gastric cancer cells(AGS and SNU638 cell) in dose-dependent manner. The reduction of total acid output and gastric secretion as well as the anti-bacterial activity against H. pylori might account for the antigastritic effects of carbenoxolone disodium.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.270-279
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• 2003

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (LA) and exhibits anticarcinogenic activity in a variety of animal models. We have previously observed that CLA inhibited the growth of Caco-2 cells, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. The present study was performed to determine whether the growth inhibitory effect of CLA is related to change in secretion of IGF- II and/or IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) that have been shown to regulate Caco-2 cell proliferation by an autocrine mechanism. Cells were incubated in serum-free medium with various concentrations of CLA or linoleic acid (LA). Immunoblot analysis of 24-hours, serum-free, conditioned medium using a monoclonal anti-IGF-IIantibody revealed that Caco-2 cells secreted both mature 6,500 Mr and higher Mr forms of pro IGF-II. The levels of pro IGF-II and mature IGF-IIwere decreased by 43 $\pm$ 2% and 53 $\pm$ 6%, respectively by treatment with 50 $\mu$ M CLA. LA slightly increased pro IGF- II levels. Results from Northern blot analysis showed that CLA decreased IGF-II mRNA levels at 50 $\mu$ M concentration suggesting that CLA regulation of IGF-II protein expression occurs partly at the transcriptional level. Ligand blot analysis of conditioned media using 1251-IGF-II revealed that CLA slightly decreased IGFBP-2 levels and increased IGFBP-4 levels. We confirmed our previous results that CLA inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner but LA slightly increased cell growth. Exogenous IGF-II mitigated the growth inhibitory effect of CLA. These results indicate that the growth inhibitory effect of CLA may be at least in part mediated by decreasing IGF-II and IGFBP-2 secretion and increasing IGFBP-4 secretion in Caco-2 cells.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.17-27
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• 1973

Modifying the technique described by Schmidt, et al. (1972) the duodenum and stomach of female rats were perfused separately and contiunously with saline solution under urethane anesthesia. Secretory response of caerulein (Prof. V. Erspamer, F.I. 6934 Caerulein, Farmitalia, Italia), a gastrin or CCK-PZ like peptide, on acid, pepsin, bicarbonate and amylase were studied with and without simultaneous administration of secretin, CCK-PZ or other agents known secretory suppressives. A significant increase of acid, pepsin and amylase output was induced by intravenous infusion of caerulein. The response of acid secretion by caerulein in doses of 140 ng/100g/hr was equivalent to the response of histamine in the doses of $280\;{\mu}g/100g/hr$ and on a weight basis the potency of caerulein was approximately 2,000 times greater than histamine in rats. Acid secretory response of caerulein in the doses of 140 ng/100 g/hr was inhibited by simultaneous infusion of secretin in the doses of 0.2 u/ 100 g/hr, and the acid response was partly inhibited by concomitant infusion of histamine in the doses of $280\;{\mu}g/100g/hr$, but the response was enhanced by infusion of CCK-PZ in the doses of 0.2 u/100 g/hr. The secretory response of both aicd and enzymes were inhibited following administration of atropine in doses of 0.2 mg/100 g, but the response were not affected by hexamethonium in doses of 0.5 mg/100 g. In summary, it is concluded that caerolein is every effective in an increase of acid, pepsin and amylase secretion in rats through, possibly in part, the muscarinic and/or histaminic mechanism(s).