• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.454-466
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• 2013

To evaluate the organic matter and trace metal pollution in intertidal sediment of the coastal zone, various geochemical parameters (grain size, ignition loss [IL], chemical oxygen demand [COD], acid volatile sulfide [AVS], and metals [Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, Hg, and As]) were measured for the intertidal surface sediment of the mainland and islands between Mokpo and Haenam in the southwestern coast of Korea. The surface sediments consist mainly of finer sediments, such as mud and silt. The concentrations of IL, COD, and trace metals in intertidal sediment were relatively high in the shoreline of the mainland than in that of islands and those in some stations exceeded the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Moreover, the concentrations of IL, COD, and trace metals (except As) in sediment showed relatively good positive correlations with mean grain size, indicating that the concentrations of organic matter and trace metals in intertidal sediment of the study region are dependent on grain size of sediment. Pollution evaluation for trace metals using geochemical assessment techniques, such as enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, and SQGs, suggested that the intertidal sediments in the study region show light pollution with Cr and moderate pollution with As. More extensive interdisciplinary studies are required to determine the potential causes of As pollution in intertidal sediment.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.638-648
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• 2013

To understand the geochemical characteristics of intertidal sediment in a semi-enclosed bay, we measured various geochemical parameters, including grain size, ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, and As), in intertidal sediment from three bays (Deukryang Bay, Yeoja Bay, and Gamak Bay) in the southern region of Jeollanam Province. The intertidal sediment in Deukryang Bay consisted of various sedimentary types, such as sand, gravelly muddy sand, mud, and silt, whereas the intertidal sediments in Yeoja and Gamak Bays were composed mainly of mud. The concentrations of IL, COD, AVS and trace metals in the intertidal sediments of the three study regions were relatively high near areas affected by input of stream waters and/or shellfish farming waste. The concentrations of organic matter and trace metals in Gamak Bay were much higher than those in Deukryang and Yeoja Bays, which appears to be due to the influence of anthropogenic pollutants, originating from the city and the industrial complex near Gamak Bay. The evaluation results of organic matter and metal pollution using the sediment quality guidelines showed that the intertidal sediments in the three study regions were not polluted in terms of organic matter and trace metals. In future, sustainable management for sources of organic matter and trace metal is necessary to conserve a healthy benthic ecosystem in intertidal sediments.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.626-637
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• 2013

We measured the grain size, ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and trace metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, Hg, and As) of intertidal surface sediment collected from 11 islands (62 stations) in the southern region of Jeollanam Province. The objective of this research was to evaluate the organic matter and trace metals contaminations of sediments from coastal island tidal flats. Surface sediment texture was characterized as follows: mud, sandy silt, muddy sand, and slightly gravelly sand facies. The finer sediments are mainly dominated in the northern part of each island. The concentrations of IL, COD, AVS and some trace metals (Al, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Hg) were higher in the northwestern part of Wan Island and the area between Gogeum and Sinji Islands, and were associated with relatively finer sediment, as compared to other locations. The concentrations of Mn, Pb, Cd, and As were higher in the northwestern and southeastern parts of Geoguem and Pyungil Islands, but were not correlated with mean grain size. Based on sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), the concentrations of trace metals were lower than the values of effect range low (ERL), used in United States, and threshold effects level (TEL), used in Korea, with exception of As. Similarly, the intertidal sediments were moderately contaminated with As, based on the the enrichment factor (EF) and the geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$). The high concentration of As in intertidal sediments from this study region may be due to the input of naturally or artificially contaminated submarine groundwater, contaminated waste from seaweed aquaculture operations and/or land-based seaweed processing facilities. Further studies are needed to identify the sources of As in this study region, and to determine the effects of As contamination on coastal ecosystem.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.777-787
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• 2017

Organic enrichment and pollution was investigated in surface sediments from Jinhae Bay and Geoje-Hansan Bay of Korea, which contain the largest oyster farms in Korean coastal areas. Geochemical indicators (chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, ignition loss, and acid volatile sulfide) in sediments, ammonium and nitrate in pore water, and bioluminescence inhibition test for sediment extracts were analyzed. Temporal changes of organic enrichment were also investigated using sediment core samples from Geoje-Hansan Bay. The level of organic pollution in sediments from Jinhae Bay was significantly greater than that of sediments from Geoje-Hansan Bay. Compared with other sites, Jinhae Bay was one of the most polluted coastal areas of Korea. The levels of geochemical indicators in May were comparable to, or higher than, in August. Ammonium concentrations in pore water were two orders of magnitudes greater than the nitrate concentrations, suggesting that the bays are reducing environments. The concentrations of total organic carbon in core sediment samples from shellfish-farming areas increased significantly from 2000 to the present year, and it seems to be associated with increases in anthropogenic activities.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.773-783
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• 2020

In order to evaluate the recovery of fishing ground environment after the cessation of aquaculture farming, we examined the variation in sediment quality over time using different geochemical factors and investigated whether these factors are indicators of sediment quality recovery. The study area was an oyster Crassostrea gigas, farm in Tongyeong, Geyongsangnam-do, South Korea, where aquaculture activities had been carried out for 20 years, and the changes in water and sediment environment were monitored for 14 months after the abandonment of the farm. The mean water depth was 14 m, with a tidal range of 3 m, and seawater current velocity ranged from 4.7 to 7.0 cm/s. After the abandonment of the farm, total organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the surface sediments decreased significantly over time compared to those in the control site; in particular, immediately after farm abandonment, acid-volatile sulfide concentrations decreased relatively rapidly. Carbohydrate and protein concentrations in the sediments showed no significant changes; however, lipid concentrations markedly decreased. Further studies on other aquaculture taxa and various aquaculture areas are needed to establish new policies for environmental management of fishing grounds, such as relocation of fishing grounds and determination of optimal fallowing periods.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.1014-1025
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• 2014

We measured the concentrations of various geochemical parameters [grain size, ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, As, Zn, and Hg)] in the surface sediments of two intertidal oyster Crassostrea gigas farming areas (Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats) on the Taean Peninsula, Korea, to evaluate the pollution level of organic matter and trace metals in sediment. The intertidal sediments in the study region comprise mostly sand with a mean grain size of 2.5-3.5 Ø. The concentrations of IL, COD, AVS, and trace metals in the sediment of two study regions were either similar or lower in oyster farming areas relative to non-farming areas, apparently due to biological uptake or physical and biological sediment reworking. Based on the results for the pollution evaluation of organic matter and trace metals derived from sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factor, and geoaccumulation index, our results suggest that the sediment in these two intertidal oyster farming regions is not polluted by organic matter and trace metals.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2007

Experimental studies were performed to investigate speciation and leaching potential of heavy metals(Cu, Cd, Pb Zn, Ni) in ten sediment samples collected from Nakdong River. Acid Volatile Sulfide (AVS) and Simultaneously Extractable Metals (SEM) measurements were used to estimate heavy metals that can be leached under anaerobic conditions. Sequential Extraction Procedure (SEP) and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were used to characterize speciation and leaching potential of heavy metals under aerobic conditions. The results show that total concentrations of Cu, Zn and Ni were relatively high in the sediments from points Seongseo industrial complex stream (upper stream) (D), Seongseo industrial complex stream (midstream) (E), Dalseo stream (F), and Nakdong river estuary (J), and that Cd concentrations were higher in all sampling points except for Goriung Bridge (G) and Soosan Bridge (H). SEM and AVS analyses reveal that samples from points Ilsun Bridge (A), Namgumi Bridge (C), and Soosan Bridge (H) have potential of heavy metals leaching, although leachable concentrations are relatively low. The leaching potential of heavy metals in other points was low because of higher concentrations of AVS than SEM. SEP results show that more than 50% of Cu, Zn and Ni were present in residual fraction, which means these metals are less amenable to leaching in anaerobic conditions. On the other hand, more than 50% of Pb and Cd were extracted during the first through third step of the SEP, which means substantial fraction of these metals can be leached upon changing of redox conditions. TCLP tests predict that leaching potential of heavy metals was generally low, which is consistent with the results obtained by AVS and SEM measurements.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.759-771
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• 2011

We evaluated the pollution levels of organic matter and metallic element (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, As, and Hg) in the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island using several sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and assessment techniques for sediment pollution. Based on the textural composition of sediment, the surface sediments were classified into two main sedimentary facies: slightly gravelly mud and silt. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) in the sediments ranged from 4.6-9.9 (mean $7.4{\pm}1.1$) $mgO_2/g{\cdot}dry$ and from ND-0.53 (mean $0.04{\pm}0.10$) mgS/$g{\cdot}dry$, respectively. These values were considerably lower than those reported from a farming area in a semi-enclosed bay of Korea and for SQGs in Japan. The metallic element concentrations in the sediments varied widely with the mean grain size and organic matter content, implying that the concentrations of metallic elements are influenced mainly by secondary factors, such as bioturbation, the resuspension of sediment, and anthropogenic input. The overall results for the comparison with SQGs, enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$) indicate that the surface sediments are slightly polluted by Cr and Ni, and moderately polluted by As. Our results suggest that the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island are not polluted by organic matter or metallic elements and the benthic conditions are suitable for healthy organisms.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.233-244
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• 2012

고성만의 표층퇴적물에 대한 지화학적 특성과 중금속 오염을 평가하기 위하여 26개 조사정점에 대한 퇴적학적, 지화학적 분석을 하였다. 표층퇴적물의 입도분포는 니질퇴적물로 90% 이상이 세립질 (silt) 로 나타났다. 사질퇴적물은 병산천, 월평천 그리고 대독천 영향을 받는 곳에서 국부적으로 분포하고 있었다. 표층퇴적물의 유기물 함량은 고성만 입구에서 1.6%로 낮게 나타났고, 고성읍에 영향을 받는 만의 북쪽에서는 2.8%로 높게 나타났다. C/N비에 근거한다면 현장에서 형성된 유기물과 인근 주변 대륙에서 유입된 유기물이 혼재된 것으로 나타나고 있다. 탄산염 함량은 0.52%에서 최대 4.29%로 나타났다. 상대적으로 굴 양식장이 위치한 조사정점들에서 탄산염 함량이 높았다. 이는 퇴적물 중에 혼재된 패각편의 영향이 큰 것으로 생각된다. 황화수소 함량은 일본수산자원보호협회에서 제시한 기준값의 이하로 고성만의 건강상태가 양호한 것으로 생각된다. 중금속 오염의 여부를 판단하기 위하여 부화지수 및 농집지수는 조사정점 15에서 Cu농도가 다른 조사정점들에 비해 아주 높게 나타났다. 이는 구리 폐광산 영향인 것으로 생각된다. Hg의 경우 고성만 북쪽에서 다소 높게 나타났다. 이는 농약, 화학비료 및 고성읍에 의한 영향인 것으로 생각된다. 중금속 원소들의 주성분 분석결과 요인 부하량은 2개의 그룹으로 나누어졌다. 요인 1그룹 (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)은 육지에 의한 오염이 아닌 암석의 물리적, 화화적 풍화에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 요인 2그룹 (Cu, Zn, Hg) 은 육지에 의한 오염인 것으로 생각된다. 특히 Cu의 경우 병산천에 위치한 폐광산의 영향 및 화학비료에 영향을 받은 것으로 생각되며, Hg는 화학비료 및 농약에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 고성만의 표층퇴적물 내에 함유된 금속원소들의 분포 경향성을 살펴보기 위하여 상관관계를 분석해 본 결과 유기물 함량을 나타내는 감열감량과 황화수소 함량이 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 황화수소 함량이 1%미만으로 낮고, 유기물 함량은 2%미만으로 낮게 나타나 고성만의 표층퇴적물 저서환경이 건강하다고 생각된다. 보존성 원소인 Al과 As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, V과 강한 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.67-82
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• 2008

본 연구는 최근 활발한 환경개선사업이 이루어지고 있는 가막만에서 저서환경과 대형다모류 군집구조의 변화 양상을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 현장 조사는 2005년 2월과 2006년 2월 두 차례에 걸쳐 수행되었으며 생물학적, 무생물학적 변수들을 측정하고 상호 비교하였다. 측정된 총 10개의 환경변수 가운데 연간 차이가 유의하였던 변수는 용존산소(DO), 강열감량(IL), 그리고 산휘발성황화물(AVS)이었다. 특히, 강열감량은 2005년에 비해 2006년에 1.5배, 산 휘발성황화물은 3배 낮았으며 이러한 현상은 북부내만역에서 더욱 뚜렷하였다. 저서다모류는 두 번의 조사에서 총 95종이 채집되었다. 출현종수, 개체 밀도, 그리고 다양도의 연도 간 변화 양상은 만 내의 위치에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 북부내만역에서는 2005년 보다 오히려 2006년에 더 적은 수의 다모류가 채집되었지만 일부 우점종의 우점도가 2006년에 현저히 감소함으로써 다양도는 증가하였다. 반면, 만의 중부역에서는 출현종수, 개체 밀도, 그리고 다양도가 2006년에 모두 증가하였다. 만의 입구역에서는 이러한 변수들의 시간에 따른 변화가 상대적으로 적었다. 2005년의 우점종은 기회종 또는 유기물 오염지표종으로 알려진 Lumbrineris longifolia, Capitella capitata, Mediomastus californiensis, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata 등으로 주로 북부내만역에 분포하였다. 한편, 2006년에는 Euchone alicaudata, L. longifolia, Paraprionospio pinnata, Flabelligeridae sp. 등이 우점하였으며 주로 만 중앙부에 분포하는 종들이 많았다. 전체자료에 대한 다변량 분석 결과, 저서다모류군집은 크게 5개의 그룹으로 나뉘었으며 이는 채집 정점의 지리적 위치 그리고 북부내만역 정점들에서 관찰된 2005년과 2006년 사이의 변화가 반영된 결과였다. BIO-ENV 분석을 통해 저서다모류군집의 시 공간적 구조 변화와 연관성이 가장 높은 환경변수를 알아본 결과, 단일변수로는 총유기탄소(TOC; ${\rho}=0.52$), 산휘발성황화물(${\rho}=0.49$) 등이 있었으며 최종적으로 총유기탄소, 산휘발성황화물, 분급도, 그리고 수온의 조합(${\rho}=0.60$)이 가장 높은 상관성을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 가막만의 저서환경 및 저서다모류군집에 대한 연간 비교 결과는 최근의 집중적인 환경개선 노력이 만 전반에 걸쳐 그리고 특히 북부내만역에 긍정적인 영향을 주고 있음을 암시하였다.