• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.391-400
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• 2008

악취는　이웃주민들로　하여금　민원을　유발시키는　주요　원인이기　때문에　악취관리는　지속가능한 축산과　매우 밀접한 관계가 있다. 본 연구는 메탄발효와 퇴비화 공정이 연계된 가축분뇨 처리시설에서 각 공정별로 기기분석과 직접 관능법을 병행하여 악취 물질의 농도, 악취 강도 및 악취 불쾌도를 측정하고자 수행하였으며, 하계와 동계로 구분하여 처리 공정과 부지경계선에서 각각 암모니아, 황화합물 및 휘발성 저급지방산의 농도를 분석하였다. 높은 외기온에 기인하여 하계의 악취농도가 동계보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 공정별로는 혼합된 분뇨를 교반하는 퇴비화 공정에서 악취 농도가 가장 높게 검출되었으며, 분뇨 투입조, 퇴비 후숙조, 분뇨 유출조 및 퇴비 선별과 포장 공정의 순으로 악취 농도가 낮았다. 검출된 악취 물질 중 가장 높은 농도는 암모니아로 3.4에서 224.7 ppm의 농도 범위로 분석되었다. 황화합물 중에서는 황화수소가 가장 높은 농도인 2.3 ppm인 것으로 분석되었으며, 대부분의 황화합물 농도가 기존에 보고된 최소감지한계농도를 초과하는 것으로 측정되었다. 또한 아세트산은 휘발성 저급지방산 가운데 51에서 89%로 가장 놓은 비율을 차지하고 있으며, 다음으로는 프로피온산과 부트르산이 각각 1.9에서 35% 및 1.8에서 15%의 비율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 처리공정에서 발생되는 주요 악취원인 물질을 예측하고자 각각의 공정에서 측정된 악취물질의 농도를 최소감지한계농도로 나누어 악취농도지수를 계산하였다. 그 결과 퇴비화 공정에서는 황화수소, 암모니아, 황화메틸 및 메틸머캅탄이 악취원인 물질로 밀접한 연관이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 분뇨 투입조에서는 황화수소, 메틸머캅탄 및 부트르산이 주요 악취물질인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.316-323
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• 1996

멥쌀, 찹쌀, 보리쌀, 밀가루로 담금한 발효 16일의 탁주 술덧의 향기성분을 비극성 column을 이용하여 GC와 GC-MS로 분석, 동정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 탁주의 향기성분은 alcohol 7종, ester 15종, acid 10종, aldehyde 1종, benzene 4종, phenol 3종, alkane 8종, ketone 2종 및 기타 5종 등 55종이 검출되었다. 시험구별로는 주모 무첨가 멥쌀주에서 35종, 주모 첨가의 멥쌀주 26종, 찹쌀주 15종, 보리쌀주 23종, 밀가루주 36종이 검출되어 휘발성 향미성분의 종류는 밀가루주에서 가장 많았고 멥쌀주의 경우 주모 첨가구보다 무첨가구가 많이 나타났다. 검출된 향기성분 중 acetix acid ethyl ester, 3-methyl-1-butanol, aceticacid, ethyl benzene, acetic acid 3-methyl butyl ester, 2-phentlethanol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol, plumbagic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester등 9종은 모든 시험구에서 공통으로 존재하였다. 이 외 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-benzenediamine은 주모 무첨가의 멥쌀주에서, diethyl sulfode, 4-methoxy ben-zaldehyde, docosane, 2-methyl propyl octadecanoic acid는 주모 첨가의 멥쌀주에서, propionic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid butyl ester, 2-hydroxy-4-methyl pentanoic acid, 2-methyl tridecane은 보리쌀주에서, 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol, hexanoic acid ethyl ester, butanoic acid mono methly ester, tridecanoic acid, ehtyl tetramethyl cyclopentadiene, 1,8-diaza-2,9-dik-etocyclotetradecane은 밀가루주에서만 각각 검출되어 담금 원료에 따라 향기성분이 특이하였다. 향기성분중 acetix acid ethyl ester, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetix acid, 2-phenylethanol등의 성분이 다른 향기 성분에 비해 면적 비율이 높은 경향을 보였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.397-405
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• 2012

본 연구는 휴대폰을 비롯한 전자제품 세척공정과 악취유발물질 등에서 배출되는 휘발성 유기화합물(VOCs)을 경제적이고 안전하게 제거하는 기술에 대한 성능평가를 위해 수행되었다. 대부분의 산업공정에서는 VOCs 제거를 위해 활성탄 흡착탑을 가장 많이 사용하고 있으나 제거효율이 낮아 악취배출시설의 허용기준을 만족할 수 없고, 고농도 유기용제 유입 시 화재위험이 있다. 지금까지 연구되어진 금속산화물 촉매는 VOCs 제거효율이 최소 $220^{\circ}C$ 근방에서 50% 이하였다. 본 연구에서는 이 보다 훨씬 낮은 온도인 $100^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 촉매산화가 시작되었고, 약 $160^{\circ}C$ 근방에서 VOCs가 95% 제거됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 적정처리가 가능한 범위는 공간속도가 $6,000hr^{-1}$ 이하일 때 최적의 제거효율을 나타내며, VOCs 유입농도가 200 ppm에서 4,000 ppm 사이, 촉매제어 온도가 $150{\sim}200^{\circ}C$에서 90~99%로 높은 제거효율을 보였고, VOCs 유입농도가 1,000 ppm 이상일 경우에는 자체반응열로 인해 외부열원이 필요 없었다. 본 저온촉매를 적용할 경우 LNG 와 LPG를 연료원으로 사용하는 RTO/RCO방식 대비 설치비는 50%, 연료비는 75% 감소되어 경제성이 높고 온실가스 발생량도 줄일 수 있었다. 그리고 황화합물과 산성가스에 대해서는 피독이 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.555-563
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• 2015

Organic matter and trace metals were investigated in surface sediments of Gomso Bay, where there is dense Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum farming activity, to evaluate contamination of sediments in intertidal shellfish farming area. We measured mean grain size (Mz), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN), and trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in intertidal and sublittoral sediments. The intertidal sediments were mainly composed of coarser sediments (sand, silty sand, and sandy silt), with Mz values ranging from 2.61 to 4.79 Ø. Mz and the content of organic matter in sediments were lower in the intertidal zone than in the sublittoral zone. The mean metal concentrations in surface sediments decreased in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. The metal concentrations in surface sediments showed a significant positive correlation with Mz and organic matter content, indicating that metal concentrations in the surface sediments of Gomso Bay are controlled by Mz and organic matter. The concentrations of organic matter and trace metals in the study region were lower than or similar to those in other intertidal zones in western coast and much lower than those reported in other shellfish farming areas in Korea. Our results suggest that intertidal Manila clam farming sediments from Gomso Bay are not contaminated by organic matter and trace metals.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.542-554
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• 2015

Grain size, the content of ignition loss (IL), and the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg) in surface sediments from the Taehwa River estuary, Ulsan, were measured to evaluate pollution levels and potential ecological risks of organic matter and trace metals in estuarine sediment. The mean grain size (Mz) of sediments in the study region ranged from $-0.8-7.7{\varphi}$ (mean $2.8{\pm}2.4{\varphi}$). Surface sediments in the upstream region of the Taehwa River were mainly composed of coarse sediments compared to the downstream region. The concentrations of IL, COD, AVS and trace metals in the sediment were much higher at downstream sites of Myeongchon Bridge in the vicinity of industrial complexes than at upstream sites of those in the vicinity of the residential areas due to the anthropogenic input of organic matter and trace metals by industrial activities. On the basis of several geochemical assessment techniques [sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$), pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (ERI)], the surfaces sediments in the study region are not highly polluted for trace metals, except for As. However, the higher concentrations in downstream study regions of the Taehwa River could impact benthic organisms including shellfish (i.e. Manila clam) in sediments.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2012

Polychaete community structure and its spatial distribution was investigated in 2008 from inshore and offshore of Lake Shihwa, Korea, in order to evaluate status of the benthic environment according to construction of the dike and the water gate. In the present study, the number of species, density, and diversity of polychaete community in inshore was significantly different from those in offshore. The density of polychaete community in offshore increased with the number of species whereas the diversity in inshore increased with the number of species. Dominant species in offshore were 13 species, higher than 1% of the total polychaete individuals. Heteromastus filiformis, known as the most dominant species before the construction of the dike, was the most dominant species in offshore, which collectively account for 54% of the total polychaete individuals. In inshore, the seven species were dominant, higher than 1% of the total individuals. Lumbrineris longifolia, Polydora sp., Capitella capitata, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, known as pollution tolerant species, contributed to higher than 75% of the total individuals in inshore. Multivariate statistical analyses, non-metric multidimensional scaling, showed apparent difference in polychaete community structure between inshore and offshore, and also difference between inner sites and outer sites of inshore around the water gate. Sediment characteristics (total organic carbon and nitrogen, ignition loss, and acid volatile sulfide) measured in this study also supported to this result. Therefore, this indicates that the offshore provides better benthic environments for polychaete habitation than the inshore, and the inshore around the water gate shows improving benthic environment, compared to the inner inshore.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.567-575
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• 2017

To understand the geochemical characteristics of Gomso Bay, which features extensive Manila clam, we measured various geochemical parameters, organic matter, and trace metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Hg, As and Fe) of intertidal and subtidal surface sediments in 2011. The surface sediments consisted of sedimentary facies including gravel (0.21%), sand (61.1%), silt (32.1%), and clay (6.5%). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) values in most areas were below sediment quality criteria (COD, $20mg/g{\cdot}dry$; AVS, $0.2mg/g{\cdot}dry$). Trace metals in the surface sediments were below pollution thresholds, except for As (morderately polluted). Sediment quality was evaluated using the trace metal pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (ERI), which showed that sediments were generally not polluted and at low risk; however, values along the outer bay were higher. We expect these results will be valuable for sustainable aquaculture prodution and environmental management in Gomso Bay.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.424-436
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• 2013

Organic enrichment was investigated in surface sediments from the Yeoja and Gangjin Bays of Korea, which contain dense shellfish farms, in order to evaluate the contamination status and temporal changes in shellfish farming along these coasts. The degree of organic enrichment was determined using geochemical indicators (chemical oxygen demand, ignition loss, acid volatile sulfide, total organic carbon in sediments, and total nitrogen in sediments, ammonium and nitrate in pore water, and bioluminescence inhabitation for sediments). Temporal changes in organic enrichment conditions were detected by comparing our 2012 data to those previously reported from a survey conducted in 1999/2000. Organic enrichment was significantly higher in September than in May and July, in Gangjin Bay than in Yeoja Bay, and significantly higher in shellfish farms than in reference sites not used to culture shellfish. Ammonium concentrations in pore water were two orders of magnitude greater than nitrate concentrations, suggesting that these bays represent nitrogen-reducing environments.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.930-940
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• 2013

We evaluated contamination with organic matter and trace metals by analyzing grain size, ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, Hg, and As) in surface sediments at 28 stations around the Geum River estuary in July 2008. The surface sediments in the estuary were mainly composed of coarse sediment (sand and muddy sand), with mean grain size (Mz) ranging between $2-4{\O}$. The high concentrations of IL, COD, and trace metals were mainly found at stations in front of the Gusan outer port and industrial complex, and near the Seocheon coast with relatively fine sediments. In addition, the concentrations of IL and all trace metals, except Pb and As, showed good positive correlations with Mz, indicating that the concentrations of organic matter and trace metals were mainly dependent on sediment grain size. The concentrations of COD, AVS, and trace metals in most sediments did not exceed the sediment quality guideline (SQGs). Although the sediments in the study region are not polluted with organic matter and trace metals, there are many point sources of pollutants, such as Gusan port and industrial complex, Janghang refinery, and a thermoelectric power plant around the Geum River estuary. Thus, the management of coastal environments through periodic monitoring of organic matter and trace metals is required in the future.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.886-891
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• 2013

We analyzed surface sediments to explain the substrate characteristics of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus habitat. The analyses included grain-size determination, water content (WC), loss on ignition (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) content. We obtained data on sea cucumber density, weight, and length at each station in a marine farming area in the middle of Korea's Taean coast on the West (Yellow) Sea in May, 2012. The apparent density of S. japonicus was high in coarse and bimodal sediments, whereas it was low in fine and unimodal sediments. The mass of S. japonicus was greater in fine than in coarse sediments, showing a different trend from sea cucumber density. The values for WC, IL, COD, and AVS in surface sediments were higher in areas with high densities of S. japonicus than in areas with low sea cucumber densities. In particular, the concentration of AVS was much higher than the value proposed in Japanese criteria for areas with high S. japonicus density.