• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.138-143
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to know the optimal supplementary level of spent mushroom substrates (Flammulina velutipes) as an energy source and fermentation period in manufacturing of rye silage. Whole crop rye was harvested at full bloom stage and ensiled with spent mushroom substrates of 20%(S-20), 40%(S-40) and 60%(S-60) as fresh matter basis. Each silage was prepared in plastic buckets included with vinyl bag by three replications and fermented for 3, 6 and 9 weeks, respectively. Moisture contents of whole crop rye at full bloom stage and spent mushroom substrates were 62.3% and 54.3%, respectively, and those of silages was ranged from 58% to 64%. Ether extracts content of silages was significantly (P<0.05) increased in 6 weeks of fermentation period. The pH of silages ranged from 4.46 to 5.05, and fluctuated in the changes by fermentation period beside of decreased with elapsing the period in the S-60. The organic acid content of silages was higher in the order of lactic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid and propionic acid. Lactic acid content was higher when fermented for 6 weeks compared to the other fermentation period. Flieg's score for estimation of silage quality ranged from 63 to 80, and was relatively high level in the S-20 and the S-40 fermented for 6 weeks, and was high level in S-20, and was relatively low level in the silages fermented for 3 week. Hence, we suggest that supplementation of 20% spent mushroom substrates in fresh matter basis and fermentation for 6 weeks are resonable for a good quality of rye silage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제47권3호
• /
• pp.419-428
• /
• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of replacing dried mugwort (Artemisia montana Pampan) in concentrate a time of preparation pellet. The treatments, arranged in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design, were four additional levels of mugwort at 0, 3, 5 and 10% in concentrate. Four crossbred (CorriedalexPolwarth, t) sheep with a mean body weight of 41.3 kg were used to evaluate nutrients digestibility, palatability, fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. The digestibility of crude protein was improved (p < 0.05) to 6.1 % - 8.6 % in sheep fed 3, 5 and 10% mugwort pellet treatments compared with that of control. That of crude fat and NDF was improved (p < 0.05) to 5.8 % - 7.3 % in sheep fed 3 % compared to other treatments. The ruminal pH was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in sheep fed 3 % mugwort pellet compared to other treatments when observed at 0.5 hour after feeding. The ammonia nitrogen concentrations were the highest in sheep fed all treatments at 1 hour after feeding. The ruminal concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acids were an improvement (p < 0.05) at the 3% and 5% treatments. Retained nitrogen of 3, 5 and 10% treatment with the value of 2.24 - 2.82 g was higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control with 0.78 g and microbial protein production of 10% treatment was higher (p < 0.05) than that of control. This study suggested that the replacing with 3% dry mugwort (Artemisia montana Pampan) in concentrate a time of preparation pellet will improve nutrient digestibility, palatability, ruminal fermentation characteristics and feed value.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.53-59
• /
• 1993

In situ degradability and fermentation characteristics in the rumen of goats fed whole crop corn forage ensiled with (MS silage) or without (CS silage) 30% of cage layer manure (CLM) were investigated. The two silages were well preserved. To adjust nitrogen intake of CS silage to that of MS silage, the 3rd group of goats was given urea with CS silage at feeding time (US silage). Each goat was given a diet of 2% of the body weight (dry matter basis) daily. In situ degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of MS silage in the rumen were higher than those of CS and US silages. Total potentially degradable portions of DM and CP in MS silage were also higher than those in CS and US silages. Blood urea nitrogen and rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration of goats fed US and MS silages were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of goats fed CS silage. Acetic, propionic and butyric acids in ruminal fluids of goats fed MS silage were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of goats fed CS and US silages.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제50권3호
• /
• pp.381-390
• /
• 2008

Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of molasses addition to silage materials in ensiling Socheongryongtang meal on the nutritive quality of silage, palatability and various ruminal parameters in Korean native goats. In Experiment 1, Socheongryongtang meal silage was produced by the addition of 0, 0.5, or 1.0% molasses and stored for 40 days at room temperature. There were three replicates per treatment. Lactic acid contents of Socheongryongtang meal silage containing molasses(0.5 and 1.0%) were significantly(p<0.05) higher than that of the control(0%). However, the pH and butyric acid contents of Socheongryongtang meal silage containing molasses(0.5 and 1.0%) were lower than those of the control(0%). In addition, molasses(0.5 and 1.0%) increased the number of lactobacillus, but decreased the number of fungi in Socheongryongtang meal silage. In vitro dry matter disappearance tended to increase by molasses addition. In Experiment 2, three 1.5-yr-old Korean native female goats were employed in cross-over design to measure the palatability and various ruminal parameters of Socheongryongtang meal silage. Feed intake of Socheongryongtang meal silage containing molasses(0.5 and 1.0%) for 30 min significantly higher than that of control(0%). Silmilar trend was found when the feed intake was measured for 6 hr. In various ruminal parameters, molasses addition to silage materials increased propionic acid(P) and total volatile fatty acid contents, but decreased pH, acetic acid (A), and butyric acid. The A/P ratio was the lowest in 1.0% molasses treatment group. It is concluded that molasses addition in ensiling Socheongryongtang meal could enhance its nutritional quality and lengthen storage period. Also the palatability of silage was improved by the addition of molasses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.38-41
• /
• 2005

An experiment was conducted on 3 male rumen fistulated adult buffaloes fed on wheaten straw and concentrate mixture in a Latin square design to study the impact of niacin supplementation on rumen metabolites. Three animals were fed wheaten straw+concentrate mixture (group I, control), wheaten straw+concentrate mixture+100 ppm niacin (group II), and wheaten straw +concentrate mixture+200 ppm niacin (group III). After 21 days feeding, rumen liquor was drawn for 3 consecutive days at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h) to study the various rumen metabolites i.e., rumen pH, ammonia-N, total-N, trichloroacetic acid precipitable-N, non-protein nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, their fractions and number of protozoa. Mean pH values in strained rumen liquor (SRL) of animals in 3 groups were 6.64, 6.71 and 6.67, indicating no statistically significant difference. Results revealed a significant (p<0.01) increase in TVFA concentration among the supplemented groups (group II and III) in comparison to control group. Mean TVFA concentration (meq/dl) was 9.75, 10.97 and 11.44 in 3 groups respectively. The highest concentration of TVFA was observed at 4 h and minimum at 0 h in all the 3 groups. The percentage of acetic, propionic, butyric and isobutyric acid was statistically similar among the three groups. The mean ammonia-N concentration (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group II (16.38) and group III (15.42) than group I (18.14). Ammonia-N concentration was higher (p<0.01) at 4 h as compared to all the time intervals. The mean total-N concentration (mg/dl SRL) was higher (p<0.01) in group II (74.16) and group III (75.47) as compared to group I (62.04). Total-N concentration was higher (p<0.01) at 4 h as compared to other time intervals and lowest value was recorded at 0 h.Concentration of TCA-ppt-N (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in control group as compared to niacin supplemented groups. Mean value of NPN (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group III (23.21) as compared to group I (25.71), whereas groups I and II, and groups II and III were similar to each other. Total protozoa number (${\times}10^4$/ml SRL) ranged from 18.06 to 27.41 in group I, 20.89 to 38.44 in group II and 27.61 to 39.45 in group III. The mean protozoa number was significantly (p<0.01) higher in SRL of group II (27.60) and III (30.59) as compared to group I (22.48). It can be concluded from the study that supplementation of niacin in the diet of buffaloes had improved the rumen fermentation by decreasing the concentration of ammonia-N and increasing protein synthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.115-121
• /
• 1989

A comparative slaughter feeding experiment with steer calves weighing 280 kg and a concurrent digestion trial with wether lambs was conducted to study the energy value of rice straw as influenced by ammonia treatment and mixing with alfalfa hay. Steers were ad libitum fed one of nine completely mixed experimental diets: basal (high concentrate); 25 or 50% of untreated rice straw (URS) or ammoniated (plastic covered bales, 4.6% $NH_3$ by weight) rice straw (ARS) proportionately replacing part of the basal; a 50:50 % mixture of URS or ARS and alfalfa replacing a proportion of the basal at 25 and 50%. Digestibility of the nine complete diets (pelleted to prevent sorting) was determined with four ad libitum fed lambs. Ammoniation increased crude protein level (from 3.6 to 10.8%) and in vitro dry matter digestibility of the rice straw by 15%. The improvement in DE, NEm and NEg by ammoniation of rice straw was 20, 52 and 117%, respectively. Ammoniation of rice straw fed as 50% of the diet improved gains over the diet containing 50% URS, but no significant influence on animal performance was observed when rice straw was fed at the 25% level. Each 10% addition of URS to basal diet decreased empty body gain of steers by 116 gram per day compared with a decrease of 70 gram per day when rice straw had been ammoniated. There was no beneficial effect of ammoniation when the roughage component of the diet was a 50:50 mixture of rice straw and alfalfa. Ammoniation of straw and inclusion of alfalfa generally increased the concentration of total volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Ammoniation resulted in reduced concentrations of acetic and propionic acid, but increased concentration of butyric acid. Digestibility of URS was improved by mixing with alfalfa. However, alfalfa hay did not influence digestibility of ARS. Diets in which ARS replaced the basal mixture at 25 and 50% had higher NEm and NEg values than comparable URS diets. The same pattern was observed in the straw: alfalfa mixtures, but differences between URS and ARS were significant only for the 50% roughage diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권8호
• /
• pp.1202-1208
• /
• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.78-83
• /
• 1981

This study was attempted to determine the major weed species occurring in Korean turfgrass, Zoysia japonica Steud. and to evaluate the most effective means for controlling them. More or less 40 weed species were determined to occur in Korean turfgrass. In terms of quantity and frequency of occurrence, Trifolium repens L., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Draba nemorosa var. hebecarpa Lindbl, Erigeron canadensis L., and Cyperus amuricus Max were observed to be the major weeds. Simpson's index, 0.306 was obtained to be the major weeds. Simpson's index, 0.306 was obtained in the golf course, Jinryang, Gyungsan-gun, meaning that no specific weed species were dominant, but in Kyungpook National University campus, Trifolium repense L. was a single dominant species, indicating Simpson's index, 0.776. The most effective herbicides to control Trifolium repense L. and other broad leaf weeds were MCPP [2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid), followed by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlolophenoxy acetic acid). Increased rates of both herbicides increased markedly their effectivity against weeds, with very slight injury against turfgrass. MCPP at 2.8 kg(a.i.)/ha gave excellent control without any injury and 2,4-D at 1.0 kg(a.i.)/ha.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권8호
• /
• pp.1197-1204
• /
• 2018

Objective: The objective was to characterize the fermentative and microbiological profile of Tifton 85 bermudagrass haylage with different layers of polyethylene film and storage time. Methods: The experimental design consisted of a randomized block design with four and six wrapping layers (100 and 150 microns in total. respectively) allocated in the main plots, through repeated measures analysis (30, 60, and 90 days of storage) with four replicates. Results: The storage time and number of wrapping layers did not show changes in the population of Clostridium and lactic acid bacteria. A decrease was observed in the enterobacteria population with an increase in the storage period in the two wrapping layers studied. Upon opening of the haylage at 30 days, the population of Bacillus was lower in haylages made with six layers of wrapping (3.63 log colony forming units/g). No growth of Listeria sp. or Salmonella sp. was observed during the experimental period. The fungal genera with a greater occurrence were Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. The following mycotoxins were not detected: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Relative to the organic butyric, propionic, and acetic acids, the haylages presented a low concentration of lactic acid; this may have prevented a drop in the pH, which was high when the silos were opened (5.4). The levels of ammoniacal nitrogen and soluble carbohydrates presented no variation among the number of wrapping layers, with an overall average of 35.55 and 38.04 g/kg. Conclusion: Tifton 85 bermudagrass haylage wrapped with four and six layers presented adequate fermentation and microbiological characteristics in the evaluated periods.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.224-229
• /
• 2006

FEMLAB is a powerful interactive environment for modeling, solving all kinds of scientific and engineering problems based on partial differential equations(PDEs). Separation process of chiral compound in HPLC columns was simulated by FEMLAB. To study change of elution profile with isotherm models, non-competitive and competitive Langmuir adsorption isotherm were adopted. Separated material was (R, S)-ibuprofen [(R, S)-2-(4-isobutyl phenyl) propionic acid], an anti-inflammatory agent, which retain the pharmacological activity in the (S)-(+)-enantiomer. Sample concentrations were changed from 0.5 mg/ml to 2.0 mg/ml at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and flow rate varied from 1 ml/min to 3 ml/min at an ibuprofen concentration of 2.0 mg/ml and $20{\mu}l$ of injection volume. Simulated results were well fitted with experimental data.