• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.246-254
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• 2013

Five isolates of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) collected from various regions of Korea were amplified using PCR and determined the sequences of full-length genome, respectively. The PCR-amplified DNA of each TYLCV isolate was introduced into a binary vector to construct infectious clone containing 1.9 copies of the corresponding viral genome. Various cultivars and breeding lines of tomato were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring infectious clone of each TYLCV isolate to assess resistance against TYLCV. Susceptible cultivar 'Super-sunread' revealed typical yellowing and narrowing of the upper leaves. In contrast, breeding linesTY12, GC9, GC171, and GC173, which contained the TY-1 and/or TY-3 genes that confer resistance against TYLCV in nature, were completely symptomless, suggesting that the lines were resistant to challenging TYLCV isolates. Symptoms of TYLCV in susceptible tomato cultivars are significantly different from those of TYLCV in the resistant tomato cultivars at 30 days after agroinfiltration. Although genomic DNAs of TYLCV were detected from the breeding lines TY12, GC9, GC171, and GC173 using real-time PCR analysis with specific primers, levels of TYLCV DNA accumulation in the resistant breeding lines were much lower than those of TYLCV DNA accumulation in susceptible tomato cultivars. Similar symptom severity and levels of TYLCV DNA accumulation were observed from TYLCV infections mediated by Bemisia tabaci in the resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. Concentration of agrobacterium did not affect the response of tomato cultivars against TYLCV inoculation. Taken together, these results suggest that TYLCV inoculation via agroinfiltration is as effective as inoculation through Bemisia tabaci and is useful for breeding programs of TYLCV-resistant tomato.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 1999

Serratia marcescens, an enterobacterium of gram-negative bacteria, is characterized by resistance of the admium. Cadmium sensitive PM strain did not grow in the medium at cadmium concentration of 50 ppm. PA strain was induced to accommodate to cadmium by cultivating the mother strain (PC strain) in the medium with 50 ppm cadmium. As compared with PC and PM strains, PA strain revealed the excellent growth in cadmium media and accumulated four to five times higher cadmium concentration in cell than other strains. PA strain accumulated 23% of cadmium in cells when cultured in medium treated with 100 ppm cadmium and this cadmium was more accumulated in cytosol fractions than membrane fractions. Analysis by TEM indicated that cadmium was concentrated as a form of granule in cytosol. In protein patterns of cell after the treatment of cadmium, two inducible proteins (28 KDa and 64 KDa) and one reducible protein (45 KDa) were detected by SDS-PAGE. By Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, the amounts of cadmium attached to inducible proteins of 28 KDa and 64 KDa were 318.28 ㎍ and 325.37 ㎍ per gram of protein, respectively. It is assumed that these inducible proteins play an important role in the mechanism of cadmium accumulation in cells. A plasmid of 23Kbp was found in S. marcescens. The ability of resistance to cadmium in plasmid was confirmed by curing experiments.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.12
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• pp.450-455
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• 2019

Background: Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is associated with the presence and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adults. Purpose: Here we evaluated the ability of LAP to predict NAFLD in obese children. Methods: Eighty obese children (38 girls; age 6-18 years) were included. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical values were obtained from the patients' medical records. LAP was calculated as [waist circumference (WC) (cm) - 58]×triglycerides (mmol/L) in girls; [WC (cm) - 65]×triglycerides (mmol/L) in boys. The minLAP and adjLAP were described (3% and 50% of WC values, respectively) and the total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol index (TC/HDL-C) was calculated. NAFLD was observed on ultrasound, and patients were divided into 3 groups by steatosis grade (normal, grade 0; mild, grade 1; moderate-severe, grade 2-3). The area under the curve (AUC) and appropriate index cutoff points were calculated by receiver operator characteristic analysis. Results: LAP was positively correlated with puberty stage (rho=0.409; P<0.001), fasting insulin (rho= 0.507; P<0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (rho=0.470; P<0.001), uric acid (rho=0.522; P<0.001), and TC/HDL-C (rho=0.494; P<0.001) and negatively correlated with HDL-C (rho=-3.833; P<0.001). LAP values could be used to diagnose hepatosteatosis (AUC=0.698; P=0.002). The LAP, adjLAP, and minLAP cutoff values were 42.7 (P=0.002), 40.05 (P=0.003), and 53.47 (P= 0.08), respectively. For LAP, the differences between the normal and mild groups (P=0.035) and the normal and moderate-severe groups were statistically significant (P=0.037), whereas the difference between the mild and moderate-severe groups was not (P>0.005). There was a statistically significant difference between the normal and mild groups for adjLAP (P=0.043) but not between the other groups (P>0.005). There was no significant intergroup difference in minLAP (P>0.005). Conclusion: LAP is a powerful and easy tool to predict NAFLD in childhood. If LAP is ≥42.7, NAFLD should be suspected. This is the first study to assess LAP diagnostic accuracy for childhood obesity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.384-395
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a novel formulation of an herbal extracts has an inhibitory effect on obesity. To determine its anti-obesity effects, we performed anti-obesity-related experiments in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of herbal extracts using a high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model and 3T3-L1 adipose cells. The effects of each herbal extracts on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were examined using Oil Red O staining. Results showed that treatment with each herbal extracts at $10{\sim}100{\mu}g/ml$ had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evidence of toxicity, herbal extracts treatment decreased lipid accumulation compared with the untreated adipocytes controls as shown by the lower absorbance of Oil Red O stain. Futhermore, compared with control-differentiated mature adipocytes, each herbal extracts significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the HFD-fed obese mice, body weight, liver weight and white adipose tissue weights were significantly reduced by mixture of herbal extracts administration in mouse skin. Futhermore, we found that mixture of herbal extracts administration suppressed serum triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TCHO) in HFD-induced obese mouse model. The mixture of herbal extracts of permeability was estimated by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value in pig skin. The optimized formulations of herbal extracts (Test 3 formulation) showed skin permeation. However, test 1 formulation containing essential oil as enhancer showed maximum skin permeation. After confirming the enhanced skin permeability, in vivo studies were performed to assess whether skin irritation potential on the basis of a primary irritation index (PII) in rabbit skin. Reactions were scored for erythema/edema reactions at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-application. It was concluded that the test 1 formulation was not irritation (PII = 0). The present study suggests that the test 1 formulation might be of therapeutic interest with respect to the treatment of obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.285-289
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• 2013

The coastal area of Republic of Korea is very clean compared to other countries. In this reason, west coastal area of our country is a good place for breeding up a fish such as shrimp. In winter season, the heating system is required for preventing shrimp death caused by freezing in the farm. The heater in the heating system for fishery's farm is operated very severe combating corrosion due to high accumulation by feeding material and high temperature in heated sea water. Almost all manufactured heaters of STS 316L and Ti material are scrapped every year due to heavy corrosion such a general and crevice corrosion. For comparing the general and galvanic corrosion in new heater material, the test material of Zirconium (Zr), Titanium (Ti) and STS 316L are tested by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), current density-time methods and microscopic examination in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The corrosion potential (Ecor) measured by potentiodynamic polarization for Zr, Ti and STS 316L reveals -198, -250 and -450mV, corrosion current density 0.5, 2.5 and $6.5{\mu}A/cm^2$ respectively. The film resistance measured by EIS are Zr 63,000, Ti 39,700 and 316L $3,150{\Omega}$, and the current of Zr-Ti couple is $0.03{\mu}A$, whereas Zr-316L SS is $0.1{\mu}A$. According to the result of this experiment in 3.5% NaCl solution, Zr is excellent corrosion resistance material than Ti and STS 316L.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.268-276
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• 2012

Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), genus Fabavirus, subfamily Comovirinae, family Secoviridae, causes damage in many economically important horticultural and ornamental crops. Sequence alignments showed several conserved sequences in 5' non-coding regions (5' NCRs) of RNA 1 and RNA 2 in all BBWV2 strains characterized so far. Based on this observation, we generated a hpRNA construct (pIR-BBWV2) harboring an inverted repeat containing a 210 bp cDNA fragment homologous to 5' NCR portion of BBWV2 RNA 1 to investigate the silencing potential for its ability to interfere with a rapidly replicating BBWV2. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of the IR-BBWV2 had a detrimental effect on BBWV2 infection, showing no distinct symptoms in non-inoculated leaves of the agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana plants. BBWV2 genomic RNAs were not detected by RT-PCR from tissues of both the inoculated leaves and upper leaves of the agroinfiltrated plants. Accumulation of virus-derived small interfering RNAs was detected in the inoculated leaf tissues of N. benthamiana plants elicited by transient expression of IR-BBWV2 indicating that RNA silencing is responsible for the resistance to BBWV2.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.965-969
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• 2005

Current density is an important operating parameter in the ion-exchange membrane process. We observed the effects of fouling of a Neosepta AMX anion-exchange membrane(Tokuyama Soda, Japan) in 0.02 M NaCl solution containing 100 mg/L sodium humate. Membrane fouling was analyzed by measuring the change in the electrical resistance in the under- and over-limiting current density regions. The experimental results found that membrane fouling was negligible at under-limiting current densities, but was increased significantly when an over-limiting current was supplied. After the fouling experiments, the current-voltage curves for the fouled membranes were measured. From the curves, we observed increased electric resistance and reduced limiting current density(LCD), caused by the accumulation of humic acid on the membrane surface. Furthermore, membrane fouling increased as the acidity of the electrolyte solution containing humic acid increased. This occurred because the fouling of an anion-exchange membrane is affected more by the physicochemical properties of the humic substance than by the surface charge of the humate.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.581-593
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• 2016

The advantages of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been well established. However, the molecular mechanisms of the anti-diabetic action of MUFAs remain unclear. This study examined the anti-hyperglycemic effect and explored the molecular mechanisms involved in the actions of fish oil- rich in MUFAs that had been acquired from hybrid catfish (Pangasius larnaudii${\times}$Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) among experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetic rats that were fed with fish oil (500 and 1,000 mg/kg BW) for 12 weeks significantly reduced the fasting plasma glucose levels without increasing the plasma insulin levels. The diminishing levels of plasma lipids and the muscle triglyceride accumulation as well as the plasma leptin levels were identified in T2DM rats, which had been administrated with fish oil. Notably, the plasma adiponectin levels increased among these rats. The fish oil supplementation also improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic histological changes. Moreover, the supplementation of fish oil improved insulin signaling ($p-Akt^{Ser473}$ and p-PKC-${\zeta}/{\lambda}^{Thr410/403}$), $p-AMPK^{Thr172}$ and membrane GLUT4 protein expressions, whereas the protein expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$ and nuclear NF-${\kappa}B$) as well as p-PKC-${\theta}^{Thr538}$ were down regulated in the skeletal muscle. These data indicate that the effects of fish oil-rich in MUFAs in these T2DM rats were partly due to the attenuation of insulin resistance and an improvement in the adipokine imbalance. The mechanisms of the anti-hyperglycemic effect are involved in the improvement of insulin signaling, AMPK activation, GLUT4 translocation and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine protein expressions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.85-85
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• 2003

This study has been undertaken to increase availability of native camellia in Jeonnam as a medicinal resource and to isolate the effective components from them. Multidrug resistance(MDR) by tumor cells is a major obstacle to successful cancer chemotherapy. We report that the crude extracts of camellia flowers, leaves has a chemosensitizing effect that can reverse Pgp-mediated MDR by increasing the intracellular accumulation of drugs. The cytotoxic and chemosensitizing effects of MeOH extract from 12 spp. citrus fruits on the AML-2/D100 were determined using MTT assay. Chemosensitizing effects was screened in the presence of vincristine, a good substrate of Pgp. IC$\sub$50/ for extracts in AML-2/WT was found to be 65∼350$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ whereas the range of its mean IC$\sub$50/ value in Pgp-overexpressing cells (AML-2/Dl00) in the presence of vincristine was 90∼400$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. Of the extracts tested, mature leaf extract displayed the most potent chemosensitizing effect［IC$\sub$50/;100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$, CR;1.06, RF;2.97 in the presence of VCR］. This indicates that the toxicity (IC$\sub$50/;288.89$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) of mature leaf extract is minimal at concentrations required for a complete reversal of the drug resistance. Also, this result indicates that crude extracts of camellia mature leaves would contain some principles which have chemosensitizing activity.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1999

Rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their toxic reaction products with lipids and proteins significantly contributes to the damage of crop plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. We have identified several stress activated alfalfa genes, including the gene of the alfalfa ferritin and a novel NADPH-dependent aldose/aldehyde reductase enzyme. Transgenic tobacco plants that synthesize alfalfa ferritin in vegetative tissues-either in its processed form in chloroplast or in the cytoplasmic non-processed form-retained photosynthetic function upon free radical toxicity generated by paraquat treatment and exhibited tolerance to necrotic damage caused by viral and fungal infections. We propose that by sequestering intracellular iron involved in generation of the very reactive hydroxyl radicals through a Fenton reaction, ferritin protects plant cells from oxidative damage. Our preliminary results with the other stress-inducable alfalfa gene (a NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase) indicate, that the encoded enzyme may play role in the stress response of the plant cells. These studies reveal new pathways in plants that can contribute to the increased stress resistance with a potential use in crop improvement.