• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2013

Ultrastructural characteristics of the germ cells and accessory cells in testis during spermatogenesis and taxonomic values of mature sperm morphology of Ruditapes philippinarum were investigated by the transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope observations. The testis is the diffuse organ that consists of branching acini containing developing germ cells and accessory cells associated with spermatogenesis. The morphology of the spermatozoon is of the primitive type and is somewhat different to those of other bivalves. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus type and the acrosome shape of this species have a cylinderical type and a modified cone shape, respectively. As some ultrastructural characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle, the peripheral parts of two basal rings show electron opaque part, while the apex part of the acrosome shows electron lucent part. These characteristics of sperm belong to the family Veneridae in the subclass Heterodonta, unlike a characteristic of the subclass Pteriomorphia showing all part of the acrosome being composed of electron opaque part. In particular, a cylinder-like nucleus of the sperm is curved. The spermatozoon is approximately $48-51{\mu}m$ in length, including a long acrosome (about $2.4{\mu}m$ in length), a curved sperm nucleus (about $3.40{\mu}m$ in length), and a tail flagellum. The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9+2 structure.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2010

The ultrastructures of germ cells and the accessory cells during spermatogenesis and mature sperm ultrastructure in male Gomphina veneriformis, which was collected on the coastal waters of Yangyang, East Sea of Korea, were investigated by transmission electron microscope observations. The morphology of the spermatozoon has a primitive type and is similar to those of other bivalves in that it contains a short midpiece with four mitochondria surrounding the centrioles. Accessory cells are observed to be connected to adjacent germ cells, they contain a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Therefore, it is assumed that they are involved in the supplying of the nutrients for germ cell development, while any phenomena associated with phagocytosis of undischarged, residual sperms by lysosomes in the cytoplasm of the accessory cells after spawning was not observed in this study. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus type and the acrosome shape of this species have a cylindrical and modified long cone shape, respectively. In particular, the axial filaments in the lumen of the acrosome, and subacrosomal granular materials are observed in the subacrosomal space between the anterior nuclear fossa and the beginning part of axial filaments in the acrosome. The spermatozoon is approximately $50-55{\mu}m$ in length including a long sperm nucleus (about $7.80{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $1.13{\mu}m$ in length) and tail flagellum ($40-45{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail flagellum consists of nine pairs of microtubules at the periphery and a pair at the center. The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9+2 structure. Some charateristics of sperm morphology of this species in the family Veneridae are (1) acrosomal morphology, (2) the number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm,. The axial filament appears in the acrosome as one of characteristics seen in several species of the family Veneridae in the subclass heterodonta, unlikely the subclass pteriomorphia containing axial rod instead of the axial filament. As some characteristics of the acrosome structures, the peripheral parts of two basal rings show electron opaque part (region), while the apex part of the acrosome shows electron lucent part (region). These charateristics belong to the family Veneridae in the subclass heterodonta, unlikely a characteristic of the subclass pteriomorphia showing all part of the acrosome being composed of electron opaque part (region). Therefore, it is easy to distinguish the families or the subclasses by the acrosome structures. The number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm of this species are four, as one of common characteristics appeared in most species in the family Veneridae.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.585-592
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• 1995

Soil microorganisms producing immunomoduators that can restore ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced suppression of the immune response were screened in vitro. Exposure of freshly isolated murine epidermal cells (EC) to $180{\;}J/m^{2}$ of UVB radiation resulted in approximately 90% impairtnent of accessory cell function, as measured by their ability to support anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced T-cell mitogenesis. When the culture supenmtants of 150 actinomycete strains were exanuned for their capacity to prevent or repair the UVB-induced impairment of accessory cell function, 4 of them were identified to contain immunomodulators that can restore the decreased accessory cell finiction. The soil isolate that showed the most effective restorative activity, G40025. was selected and fturther characters Addition of 10.mu.l of the culture supernatant of G40025 grown in G-media to cultures of UVB-irradiated EC right after UVB-irradiation restored the decreased accessory cell function by 58%. The immunomodtdator produced by G40025 appeared to be stable at 100.deg. C for 10 min. Taxonomical studies by cultural, morphological, and physiological characterization showed that the soil isolate, G40025, belongs to the genus Streptomyces.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 1999

The histochemical, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical investigations were conducted to find out the cellulase activity in the accessory glands of the digestive system of the oriental land snail Nesiohelix samarangae under the LM, SEM, and TEM. The cellulase activity was shown in the epithelium of th digestive gland by labelling with the immunogold (protein-A gold) particles. The epithelial cells showing the cellulase activity were Type 1 and Type 3 cells out of five types of the epithelial cells of the digestive gland. None of epithelial cells of the mucus gland and the salivary gland and the salivary gland were not labeled with the immunogold particles.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2016

The anatomy and histology of the olfactory organ in Oryzias sinensis was researched using a stereo microscope and light microscope. In the gross structure, the paired olfactory organs on the dorsal part of the head consist of two nostrils (a circular anterior nostril and a slit posterior nostril in a distance), a single olfactory chamber and a single accessory nasal sac. In the histological study, the epithelium of the olfactory chamber is classified into both sensory and non-sensory regions. The sensory epithelium consists of olfactory receptor neurons, supporting cells, basal cells and vesicles, and is islet in distributional pattern. The non-sensory epithelium is composed of stratified epithelial cells and two types of mucous cells (acidic and neutral cells). The epithelium of the accessory nasal sac has swollen stratified epithelial cells, mucous cells with a rich glycoprotein. Such an olfactory anatomy and histology of O. sinensis may reflect its habitat surrounding stagnant and polluted water.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.75-78
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• 2010

Purpose: Whereas oral ranula is relatively common and presents as a cyst in the mouth, the plunging ranula is rare and manifests itself as a mass in the neck with or without an associated oral lesion. The purpose of this study is to examine the clinical characteristics of rare bilateral plunging ranula arising from accessory submandibular gland in order to provide our experience for its correct diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A 13-year-old girl manifests as a slow growing painless, non-mobile swelling in the anterior neck. She underwent surgery via a cervical approach. A pseudocyst was extirpated and adjacent accessory gland tissue and related lymph node were removed. Results: The histologic appearance is characteristically of a cyst, devoiding of epithelium or endothelium, with a vascular fibro-connective tissue wall containing some chronic inflammatory cells and macrophage stuffed with mucin. Pathologic findings represented a form of myxomatous degeneration and lined by condensed connective tissue and granulation tissue. The nature of the accessory gland tissue was same as subligual gland. Although total submandibular or sublingual gland excision was not performed, no recurrence was observed during 6 months follow-up periods. Conclusion: Usually, unilateral plunging ranula develops commonly because of rupture of sublingual gland duct by trauma and extravasation of salivary secretion to the adjacent tissue. But our case developed because of bilateral congenital accessory submandibular gland. This is thought to be a result from a congenital failure of canalization of the terminal end of the duct. Finally, the correct diagnosis is essential for the most effective treatment, which is excision of the ranula and related accessory salivary gland. We performed excision of accessory submandibular gland and plunging ranula and had a good result without recurrence.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1817-1829
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• 2019

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteric coronavirus that causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets. Like other coronaviruses, PDCoV encodes at least three accessory or species-specific proteins; however, the biological roles of these proteins in PDCoV replication remain undetermined. As a first step toward understanding the biology of the PDCoV accessory proteins, we established a stable porcine cell line constitutively expressing the PDCoV NS7 protein in order to investigate the functional characteristics of NS7 for viral replication. Confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation revealed that the NS7 protein was extensively distributed in the mitochondria. Proteomic analysis was then conducted to assess the expression dynamics of the host proteins in the PDCoV NS7-expressing cells. High-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis initially identified 48 protein spots which were differentially expressed in the presence of NS7. Seven of these spots, including two up-regulated and five down-regulated protein spots, showed statistically significant alterations, and were selected for subsequent protein identification. The affected cellular proteins identified in this study were classified into functional groups involved in various cellular processes such as cytoskeleton networks and cell communication, metabolism, and protein biosynthesis. A substantial down-regulation of α-actinin-4 was confirmed in NS7-expressing and PDCoV-infected cells. These proteomic data will provide insights into the understanding of specific cellular responses to the accessory protein during PDCoV infection.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2010

Ultrastructural characteristics of the testis and spermatogenesis of Crassostrea gigas were investigated by Transmission and Scanning Electron microscope observations. The testis is a diffuse organ consisting of branching acini containing differentiating germ cells in a variety of stages. The acinus is surrounded by an intermitent layer of myoepithelial cells andis divided into subcompartments that are partially separated by pleomorphic accessory cells which remain in close contact with germ cells until late stages of development. these accessory cells contain a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Therefore, it is assumed that they are involved in the supplying of the nutrients for germ cell development, while any phenomena associated with phagocytosis of undischarged, residual sperms by lysosomes could be find in the cytoplasm of the accessory cells. The morphology of the spermatozoon has a primitive type and is similar to those of other bivalves. Mature spermatozoa consist of broad, cap-shaped acrosomal vesicle, subacrosomal material (containing axial rod embedded in a granular matrix), a oval nucleus showing deeply invaginated anteriorly, two triplet substructure centrioles surrounded by four spherical mitochondria, and satelite fibres appear to the distal centriole and plasma membrane. Spermatozoa of C. gigas resemble to those of other investigated ostreids. In particular, the anterior region of the acrosomal vesicle is transversely banded. It is assumed that differences in this acrosomal substructure are associated with the inability of fertilization between the genus Crassostrea and other genus species in Ostreidae. Therefore, we can use sperm morphology in the resolution of taxonomic relationships within the Ostreidea. The spermatozoon is approximately $42-47{\mu}m$ in length including an oval sperm nucleus (about $0.91{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $0.42{\mu}m$ in length) and tail flagellum ($40-45{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail flagellum consists of nine pairs of microtubules at the periphery and a pair at the center. The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9 + 2 structure. These morphological charateristics of acrosomal vesicle belong to the family Ostreidae in the subclass Pteriomorphia.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.197-207
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• 2015

This study investigated structure and function of the reproductive system in Aplysia kurodai by means of anatomical, histological, and histochemical observation. Reproductive system of this species is consisted of ovotestis, small hermaphroditic duct, ampulla, accessory genital mass and large hermaphroditic duct. The ovotestis is composed of a large number of follicles, and both oocytes and spermatocytes matured in the same follicle. The small hermaphroditic duct is a single tube and contains a swelling, the ampulla, which functions as a storage organ for endogenous sperm and an oviduct. The accessory genital mass is connected to both the small and large hermaphroditic duct, and consisted of three glands: albumen, membrane (winding) and mucus gland. The albumen gland is consisted of granular cells producing basophilic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. The membrane and mucus gland are consisted of granular cells producing acidophilc and sulfated mucopolysaccharides. The large hermaphroditic duct is a single tubular gonoduct linking the accessory genital mass to the common genital aperture but is consisted of two parallel compartments. Internally, these two compartments are incompletely divided by internal septum or fold, which are called as the red hemiduct and white hemiduct, respectively. The red hemiduct functions as an oviduct and the white hemiduct functions as a copulatory duct. The reproductive system of A. kurodai is externally comprised a single tube, i.e., monaulic type. However, internal structure of duct is incompletely divided into oviduct and copulatory duct, i.e., the oodiaulic type.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.54-57
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• 2015

Angiosarcoma is a rare and highly malignant neoplasm which develops from the endothelium of blood vessels. A few cases of primary angiosarcoma of the parotid gland have been reported. However, there is no report of primary angiosarcoma of the accessory parotid gland. In this case, we report a primary angiosarcoma of the accessory parotid gland in a 45-year-old man with growing cheek mass. Ultrasonography revealed a $2.0{\times}2.6cm$ sized homogeneous hypoechoic mass and computed tomography showed a contrast enhanced homogeneous mass. Fine needle aspiration biopsy suggested a benign tumor. The mass was completely excised with a minimal vertical incision. The histopathology showed anastomosing vascular channels lined by atypical endothelial cells and many branching vessels with staghorn appearance with positive immunohistochemical staining for CD34, a highly specific endothelial marker. The patient underwent postoperative radiotherapy and was followed for 8 years without recurrence and metastasis.