• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2000

Background and Objectives : Accent method is one of holistic approaches for behavior readjustment of voice therapy The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the accent method of voice therapy for the patients who have no improvement after LMS. Materials and Methods : Of the patients who had been undergone LMS during the period from Jan. 1999 to Dec. 1999, medical records of 38 patients who had not been improved were studied retrospectively. 19 patients(treatment group) were applied accent method and the other 19 patients(control group) refused voice therapy. The voice of all the patients of both group were analysed with CSL and Aerophone II programs in pre- and post operative period. The voice of treatment group were analysed with Visi-Pitch II program before the application of accent method and after the completion of accent method. Then, the results were compared using paired t-test. Results : The results of voice analysis were not different statistically between pre- and postoperative examination in both group. After application of accent method in the treatment group, fundamental frequency(F$_{0}$) of male, relative average pertubation, and shimmer were revealed significant differences(p＜0.01), and decrease in grade(G) scale and roughness(R) scale were statistically Important in perceptual analysis using GRBAS criteria(p＜0.01). But $F_0$ of female, maximal phonation time and S to Z ratio were not revealed significant differences. Conclusions : Accent method of voice therapy may be as a supplement- ary therapy in the patients who were not improved after surgery.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.101-120
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• 2004

Vocal nodule is one of the representative chronic diseases of vocal folds, and it can be cured by voice therapy. However, the existing therapeutic methods about vocal nodule are in great demand. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of therapeutic methods between Accent method and SK-MVTT (Seong-Tae Kim's multiple voice therapy technique), which was designed by the author. We identified 40 females, who diagnosed having vocal nodules, aged from 21 to 52 years (mean age: 40 years). Twenty females were treated by the SK-MVTT and the other 20 females the Accent method. All subjects received 12 sessions of treatment, and were evaluated after finishing the 6th and the 12th session. The results showed that the SK-MVTT produced a better results compared to the Accent method. The SK-MVTT was better especially at the initial stage of voice therapy compared to the Accent method. In this study, we can suggest that SK-MVTT may be useful in improving the voice qualities of vocal nodule patients. However, more data should be collected and evaluated before it can widely be used in other clinics.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.146-160
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• 2000

The current study aimed to establish rationales for using three different voice therapies (resonant voice, accent method, and tongue-tip trills) by comparing the aerodynamic, and vocal fold closure characteristics under three therapies. A total of 8 male under/graduate students(tenors) participated as subjects. In order to compare aerodynamic characteristics, air flow rates and subglottal pressures were measured using Phonatory function analyzer under three therapy conditions. The characteristics of vocal fold closure patterns also were examined by comparing closed quotients(CQ) measured by Electroglottograph(EGG) under three therapy conditions. However, maximum phonation time (MPT) was measured under only resonant voice and tongue-tip trills using Aerophone II. The results are summarized as follows : 1) CQ, subglottal pressure and MPT decreased significantly under resonant voice as compared with throat voice, but the air flow rate increased significantly under resonant voice. 2) CQ decreased significantly under accent method as compared with throat voice, but both air flow rate and subglottal pressure increased significantly under accent method. 3) Both CQ and MPT decreased significantly under tongue tip trills as compared with throat voice, but air flow rate and subglottal pressure increased significantly under tongue-tip trills. Clinical implications of results were discussed in light of differential effects of three voice therapies.

• 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2001

Vocal nodule is one of the representative chronic diseases of vocal folds, and it can be cured by surgical removal or voice therapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the accent method, one of the popular effective voice therapy, in the patients with vocal nodule. Authors executed the accent method in 17 patients with vocal nodule who visited the Voice & Speech Therapy Clinic, Pusan National University Hospital analysed the voice before and after treatment using the local findings, acoustic analysis and aerodynamic analysis MPT. The voice was analysed with MDVP of CSL and MPT was checked using stop watch. The parameters included Fo, Jitter, Shimmer and noise to harmonic ratio(NHR) as acoustic analysis. The results were obtained as follows. In the evaluation by the local findings, it was improved to 77% in the patients of vocal nodule. Jitter and Shimmer were shown to be improved significantly. In particular, it was shown to be improved significantly in patients with vocal nodule. As the result of this study, the improvement of aerodynamic aspect was more statistically significant than that of acoustic parameters. When I generalized the above mentioned results, we suggest that it is a useful voice therapy which can be helpful to the improvement of voice, applying the accent method to the vocal nodule patients, and there are currently many methods to be used in the voice therapy, but it is thought which the accent method is the good treatment as the alternatives of keeping the continuous medical treatment.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 2000년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집 제19권 1호
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• pp.119-122
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• 2000

In this paper, we implement an elementary system to correct accent, pronunciation, and intonation in English spoken by non-native English speakers. In case of the accent evaluation, energy and pitch information are used to find stressed syllables, and then we extract the segment information of input patterns using a dynamic time warping method to discriminate and evaluate accent position. For the pronunciation evaluation. we utilize the segment information using the same algorithm as in accent evaluation and calculate the spectral distance measure for each phoneme between input and reference. For the intonation evaluation. we propose nine pattern of slope to estimate pitch contour, then we grade test sentences by accumulated error obtained by the distance measure and estimated slope. Our result shows that 98 percent of accent and 71 percent of pronunciation evaluation agree with perceptual measure. As the result of the intonation evaluation. system represent the similar order of grade for the four sentences having different intonation patterns compared with perceptual evaluation.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.43-89
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• 1992

In this thesis, the prominent aspect of word accent in standard Korean is studied by auditory test and acoustic analysis experiment. The definition of 'accent' is, following Hoyoung Lee's discussion(1990), to be described as 'the means whereby a focused part of an utterance is made to stand out in order to concentrate the hearer's attention on it.' That is to say, the ten of 'accent' may be described in terms of phonological phenomenon and the accented syllable can be phonetically prominent as the result of those phonological process. Prosodic features may have different characteristics in different languages whether they contain linguistically important functions or not. Thus the characteristics of word accent in standard Korean will be determined as the content and trait of prosodic features. Following this viewpoint, present study looked over prosodic features which may effect the characteristics of word accent in standard Korean, through systematic experimental procedure. And the result of this experiment has been verified by statistical method, the T-test, for the purpose of identifying the relatedness among prosodic features(parameters). This thesis, therefore, aimed to investigate the intrinsic acoustic and physical qualities of the word accent in standard Korean. Nonsense words composed by 'mal' and 'ma' which can be divided into 'heavy syllable' and 'light syllable' quoted from Hyman(1975) have been classified into 28 types with respect to syllable numbers(2 syl., 3 sy1., 4 syl.) and these words have become the target of auditory test and acoustic experiment. As the result of those experimental Procedures, the word accent in standard Korean may be said that it has a tendency of fixing first two syllables regardless of syllable numbers. The syllable types of HH, HL, LL in the first two syllables may be prominent at first syllable and the type of H may be at second syllable. Various prosodic features(parameters) including duration, intensity, and Fo(purely phonetic terms) were also strengthened in those positions. The result of this experiment can be cleared up like these : 1. The most important feature is proved as 'duration', the feature of intensity resulted in more subsidiary one than the feature of duration. 2. Fo( fundamental frequency) could be observed as having some coherent contour through almost all syllable types(99 ％), that is, in 2 syllable types, it had rising contour, in 2 syllable types, rising-falling contour, and in 4 syllable types, it contained rising-falling-rising contour. The result of auditory test was different with those contour forms of all Fo surveyed. With respect to these results, the discuss for Fo is determined' to be excluded comparing other features. 3. Finally, this thesis resulted in a decision that the word accent in standard Korean may has fixed(somewhat weaker) accent, especially fixed at first two syllables in almost all words. 4. Various kinds of syllable types related with 2,3,4 syllables, therefore, can be reclassified into 4 types of HH, HL, LH, LL following the concept of accent fixing placement(i.e. first two syllables). In these 4 types, the types of HH, HL, LL were prominent at the position of the first syllable , and the type of LH was prominent at the second syllable otherwise.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2000

In this paper, we implement an elementary system to correct accents and pronunciations in English words spoken by non-native English speakers. In case of the accent evaluation, energy and pitch information are used to find stressed syllables, and then we extract the segment information of input patterns using a dynamic time warping method to discriminate and evaluate accent position. For the pronunciation evaluation, we utilize the segment information using the same algorithm as in accent evaluation, and perform the spectral distance measure for each phoneme between input patterns and reference patterns. Based on these spectral distances, we decide whether to recommend the pronunciation correction or not. Our results show that 98 percent of accent and 71 percent of pronunciation evaluation agree with the perceptual measure.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2002

This study examined the foreign accent of Korean speakers of English concerning vowel length and utterance position. It then attempts to explain the foreign accent of Koreans when they speak English. The method was to measure the sentence-initial and sentence-final vowels as spoken by Koreans. I chose these two positions, sentence-initial and sentence-final, in order to know if Korean speakers of English, compared with native English speakers, show a difference in sentence stress. I chose English diphthongs, because most Koreans have difficulty pronouncing these sounds. I found that Korean speakers of English as a second language do not know English sentence stress patterns and show a foreign accent, especially when using diphthongs.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 1994년도 FIFTH WESTERN PACIFIC REGIONAL ACOUSTICS CONFERENCE SEOUL KOREA
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• pp.949-956
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• 1994

In this paper, we introduce a new speech synthesis method for Japanese and Korean arbitrary sentences using the natural speech data-base. Also, application of this method to a CAI system is discussed. In our synthesis method, a basic sentence and basic accent-phrases are selected from the data-base against a target sentence. Factors for those selections are phrase dependency structure (separation degree), number of morae, type of accent and phonemic labels. The target pitch pattern and phonemic parameter series are generated using those selected basic units. As the pitch pattern is generated using patterns which are directly extracted form real speech, it is expected to be more natural than any other pattern which is estimated by any model. Until now, we have examined this method on Japanese sentence speech and affirmed that the synthetic sound preserves human-like features fairly well. Now we extend this method to Korean sentence speech synthesis. Further more, we are trying to apply this synthesis unit to a CAI system.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.509-519
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to present important guidelines for effective eye-shadow color coordination according to T.P.O. such as 'Day time to Night', 'Special Occasions', 'Holiday Accents', 'Seasonal Looks' and 'Animated Characters'. The method is as follows; This study examined the 100 works of her published in the?500 EYE MAKEUP DESIGNS?. For this research analysis, three specialists selected a total of 100 photo-works through 3 rounds of evaluation. This study analysis was conducted based on the colors and tones of eye-shadows identified under Munsell's basic color chart. The study findings are as follows; First, 'Day time to Night' was found to have similarity coloration most frequently, presenting a more stable look in the Natural makeup. Second, 'Special Occasions' showed similarity, accent, and complex colorations mainly. Third, 'Holiday Accents' showed diverse types of colorations such as accent, complex, similarity and contrast. Forth, 'Seasonal Looks' was found to use a variety of colorations including similarity, contrast, accent, gradation and complex. Fifth, 'Animated Characters' showed contrast coloration the most for dramatic effect along with accent and complex colorations to give a unique and symbolic look. The color scheme database(DB) obtained in this study will be present important guidelines for future in eye-shadow makeup design.