• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2001

With increasing global concern that intensively synthetic-chemical based farming systems accelerated the decline in environmental quality, the sustainability of modem agriculture became the subject of great concern. It is well known that the movement of Community Supported Agriculture(CSA) has been contributed significantly to the development of organic agriculture in USA and Japan. It was supposed that CSA could be one of the best way to promote the movement of organic agriculture since there is little reliability on the organically grown food by consumer. In this paper it was focussed to study the movement of CSA in USA and Europe in order to provide an idea for establishment and movement of CSA in Korea to support the organic agriculture. In a CSA system, the farmer grows food for a group of shareholders who pledge to buy a portion of the farm's crop that season. This arrangement gives growers up-front cash to finance their operation and higher prices for produce, since the middleman has been eliminated. For most shareholder for CSA saving money is a secondary consideration, but fresh safe products and environmentally sound farming system. People become shareholder of CSA since they expect an organic farming which can ; \circled1protect the environment, minimize pollution, promote health, \circled2replenish and maintain long-term soil fertility by providing optimal conditions for soil biological activity, \circled3maintain diversity within the farming system and its surroundings and protect plant and wildlife habit, \circled4recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible within the farm and its surrounding community, \circled5maintain the integrity of organic food and processed products through each step of the process from planting to consumption, \circled6develop and adopt new technologies with consideration for their long range social and ecological impact. In all CSAs, the farmer develops a crop plan and a budget, which details costs for a growing season, including fair wages for the farmers. Experienced Information on increasing shareholder retention, the future of CSA, and getting started such as ideas for ongoing marketing, printed materials that set realistic expectations, working members, production, pick-up and delivery, setting prices, and receiving feedback were also briefly introduced.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2013

In the 1960s, economic growth served to step up industrialization and urbanization, which was concurrent with th e urban concentration of population, and this phenomenon led to an increase in crime, and there was a rapid increase in demand for security at the same time. So the law enforcement authorities instituted the security service act in a move to secure quasi-police force. The enactment of the security service act has been put in force up to now, fueling the growth of security business. Mean while, the security industry has attained a splendid growth as one of growth industries, and it's required to look back on the past to determine new directions for the industry to make a new leap forward. Thus, the 1970s was a period to lay the groundwork for Korean private security, and the purpose of this study was to examine the social environments of the 1970s related to private security and what accelerated the development of private security.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

Puroose: To present preliminary results of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) using the simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy (SMART) boost technique in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Materials and Methods: Twenty patients who underwent IMRT for non-metastatic NPC at the Asan Medical Center between September 2001 and December 2003 were prospectively evaluated. IMRT was delivered using the 'step and shoot' SMART technique at prescribed doses of 72 Gy (2.4 Gy/day) to the gross tumor volume (GTV), 60 Gy (2 Gy/day) to the clinical target volume (CTV) and metastatic nodal station, and 46 Gy (2 Gy/day) to the clinically negative neck region. Eighteen patients also received concurrent chemotherapy using cisplatin once per week. Results: The median follow-up period was 27 months. Nineteen patients completed the treatment without interruption; the remaining patient interrupted treatment for 2 weeks owing to severe pharyngitis and malnutrition. Five patients (25%) had RTOG grade 3 mucositis, whereas nine (45%) had grade 3 pharyngitis. Seven patients (35%) lost more than 10% of their pretreatment weight, whereas 11 (55%) required intravenous fluids and/or tube feeding. There was no grade 3 or 4 chronic xerostomia. All patients showed complete response. Two patients had distant metastases and loco-regional recurrence, respectively. Conclusion: IMRT using the SMART boost technique allows parotid sparing, as shown clinically and by dosimetry, and may also be more effective biologically. A larger population of patients and a longer follow-up period are needed to evaluate ultimate tumor control and late toxicity.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.189-194
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• 2003

Most of the ethyl alcohol consumed by humans is oxidized to acetaldehyde in the liver by the cytoplasmic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system. For this ADH-catalyzed oxidation of alcohol, $NAD^+$ is required as the coenzyme and $NAD^+$becomes reduced to NADH. As the $NAD^+$becomes depleted and NADH accumulates, alcohol oxidation is reduced. For continued alcohol oxidation, the accumulated NADH must be quickly reoxidized to $NAD^+$, and it is this reoxidation of NADH to $NAD^+$that is known to be the rate-limiting step in the overall oxidation rate of alcohol The reoxidation of NADH to $NAD^+$is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, with pyruvate being utilized as the substrate. The pyruvate may be supplied from alanine as a result of amino acid metabolism via the urea cycle. Also, glutamine is thought to help with the supply of pyruvate indirectly, and to activate the urea cycle by producing $NH_3$. Thus, in the present study, we have examined the effects of alanine and glutamine on the alcohol oxidation rate. We utilized isolated perfused liver tissue in a system where media containing alanine and glutamine was circulated. Our results showed that when alanine (5.0mM) was added to the glucose-free infusion media, the alcohol oxidation rate was increased by 130%. Furthermore, when both glutamine and alanine were added together to the infusion media, the alcohol oxidation rate increased by as much as 190%, and the rate of urea nitrogen production increased by up to 200%. The addition of glutamine (5.0mM) alone to the infusion media did not accelerate the alcohol oxidation rate. The increases in the rates of alcohol oxidation and urea nitrogen production through the addition of alanine and glutamine indicate that these amino acids have contributed to the enhanced supply of pyruvate through the urea cycle. Based on these results, it is concluded that the dietary supplementation of alanine and glutamine could contribute to increased alcohol detoxification through the urea cycle, by enhancing the supply of pyruvate and $NAD^+$to ensure accelerated rates of alcohol oxidation.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.298-305
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• 2019

We investigated a correlation between morphology and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO₂ nanotubes fabricated by well-controlled anodization processes. Anodization in an ethylene-glycol-based electrolyte solution accelerated the rapid grow rate of TiO₂ nanotubes, but also cause problems such as delamination at the interface between TiO₂ nanotubes and a Ti substrate, and debris on the top of the nanotube. The applied voltages for the anodization of TiO₂ were adjusted to avoid the interface delamination. The heat treatment and the anodizing time were also controlled to enhance the crystallinity of the as-prepared TiO₂ nanotubes and to increase the surface area with the varied length of the anodized TiO₂ nanotubes. Additionally, a 2-step anodization process was utilized to remove the debris on the tube top. The photoelectrochemical properties of TiO₂ nanotubes prepared with the carefully tailored conditions were investigated. By removing the debris on TiO₂ nanotubes, applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) of TiO₂ nanotubes increased up to 0.33%.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.2762-2770
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to effectively compress the sub-images transformed from the picked-up elemental images in integral imaging, in which motion vectors of the object in each sub-image are fast and accurately estimated and compensated by combined use of MSE(mean square error)-based TSS(tree-step search) and FS(full search) schemes. This is, the possible object areas in each sub-image are searched by using the fast TSS algorithm in advance, then the these selected object areas are fully searched with the accurate FS algorithm. Furthermore, the sub-images in which all object's motion vectors are compensated, are transformed into the residual images by using the difference image method and finally compressed with the MPEG-4 algorithm. Experimental results reveal that the proposed method shows 214% improvement in the compression time per each image frame compared to that of the conventional method while keeping the same compression ratio with the conventional method. These successful results confirm the feasibility of the proposed method in the practical application.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1447-1454
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• 2008

Effect of heat processing on thermal stability of kudzu root isoflavone was investigated for future use such as various processed foods and functional foods. Kudzu root extracts were heated at 80, 100, 121, 140, 165, and $180^{\circ}C$ for up to 90 minutes before and after concentration, respectively. Changes in the amount of isoflavones were monitored using HPLC and thermal stability was investigated using Arrhenius equation. The amount of both daidzin and genistin decreased slightly during heating at 80, 100 and $121^{\circ}C$ but decreased significantly above $140^{\circ}C$. This indicated that daidzin and genistin are stable at temperatures near the boiling point of water. The degradation of both daidzin and genistin occurred in two steps and each step showed typical first order kinetic. The degradation rates were faster in the first step than the second step in both daidzin and genistin. Additionally, the degradation was accelerated when they heated after concentration compared to the sample heated before concentration. These results suggested that degradation of kudzu root isoflavone was highly dependent on both their concentration and heating temperature. This study provides the basic information on thermal stability of kudzu root isoflavones, which can be used for future processing of functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 1995

Nam Khane watershed, in the Northern Laos, consists of limestone plateau surrounded with steep slope(above 1000m), wide piedmont hill land(300-700m) and narrow alluvial plain. Opium on the plateau and up-land rice on the hill-side are cultivated for each, but its shifting agricultural activity, which degrades the forest and soil, has caused the serious environmental problems. MOS-1 satellite image and 40 points of soil samples are analyzed to identify the distribution of the shifting cultivation and to evaluate the environmental problems for Nam Khane watershed. The land use classification map is presented on the photo 2, and the value of each land use area by elevation level and soil property are showed on the table 2 and 3, respectively. Excessive agricultural activity of shifting cultivation in the Nam Khane watershed not only decreased the forest area, but also changed the primary forest of tree into secondary woodland of shrub. On the phase of soil property, it accelerated the soil and gully erosion, and acidification. To solve these environmental problems, the most important step is to settle the agriculture from shifting cultivation to permanent cropping.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-17
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• 1957

1. Preparation of Titanium tetrachloride; The following precesses were strictly followed as the preliminary step to obtain pure $TiOCl_2$, titanyl chloride; First, pure Titanium Oxide mixed with carbon is rolled into pills. After drying up perfectly, these pills are heated at 900∼1000${\circ}C$. And then the pills are subjected to the flow of $Cl_2$ gas in a quartz tube heated to 900-1000${\circ}C$. Thus Titanium tetrachloride is obtained. 2. Preparation of $TiOCl_2$ ; Yellowish trobrown solution is made by pouring 80 g of conc. HCl (sp.gr. 1.19) to 45 gr of Titanium tetrachloride (approx. 2 times of theoretical amount). Then this solution is kept settled for 5-days in a desiccator filled with phosphorous pentoxide at room temperature. As the colorless amorphous solid thus obtained is washed with aceton, 36.5 g of the pure salt are obtained. 3. Determination of composition. The analysis of the sample taken from the deposit desiccated gives the following data; (A) Qualitative analysis; a) $Ti(OH)_4$ is precipitated by adding NaOH in water solution of the salt. b) Adding $AgNO_3$ solution, the water solution of the salt gives white precipitate of AgCl. c) When acid and $H_2O_2$ are added, the solution turns its color to redish brown (This proves that $TiO^{++}$ was converted into $TiO^{++}$ by oxidation of $H_2O_2$. (B) Quantitative analysis; a) $Ti(OH)_4$ precipitated by $10{\%}$ NaOH isalitatsubjected consecutively to the filtration and ignition in porcelain crucible at approx. 1000${\circ}C$. , then $TiO_2$ thus formed is weighed and calculated into Ti content. b) Chlorine involved in water solution of the salt is determined by Vorhardt method. Result: The values obtained from previous analysis, devied by their atomic weight gives the following composition: Ti : Cl = 1 : 2 Therefore $TiOCl_2$ should be given as its molecular formula. 4. Summary. When $TiCl_4$ is additated into conc. HCl, $TiO^{++}$ formed exists as a stable form, and forms $TiOCl_2$. However $TiOCl_2$ is unstable to heating. When the temperature is raised to $65{\circ}C$the decomposition of the solution is accelerated, and gives $TiO_2$ aq. $TiOCl_2$ in addition is highly hygroscopic.