• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.36-48
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• 1990

This experiment was carried out to improve the quality of high absorbent polymer which has excellent absorptivity and water retention compared to pulp and absorption sheet, through absorption characteristics-absorptive power, water retention, absorption rate, gel strength, pH, particle size, and moisture content. - of six polymers, namely, anionic polyacrylamide, cationic polyacrylamide, polyacrylic, acid polyvinyle alcohol 500, and 1500, and a-cellulose. and to examine the possibility of substitution of amide groups for carboxyl group and/or hydroxyl group which were commercial high absorbent polymer by comparing the absorption characteristics of the polymers. Polyacrylamide has high absorptive power and water retention, but has low gel strength and poor absorption rate. The rest of polymers were similiar to ${\alpha}$-cellulose in every respect. Thus, polyacrylamides could be replaced with polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl alcohol which are presently a high absorbent polymers. In comparing the absorption characteristics and the absorptive power of the polymers-anionic polyacrylamide, cationic polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polyvinyle alcohol. a-cellulose-the absorptive power was in inverse proportion to the gel strength and absorption rates, affected by the particle size and pH change.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.515-518
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• 2003

Six mature purebred Angus cows ($3.5{\pm}1.5$ years of age, $631.36{\pm}8.63kg$), three pregnant ($250{\pm}7$ days pregnant) and three non-pregnant and eight mature Suffolk ewes ($5{\pm}1.2$ years of age, $68.18{\pm}2.3kg$) four pregnant $115{\pm}5$ days pregnant) and four nonpregnant were utilized in a five-day metabolic trial to determine the effects of gestational status (pregnant vs. non-pregnant) on apparent absorption and retention of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Animals were selected based on body weight, age, and gestational status, and randomly assigned to metabolic crates for total fecal and urine collection. Animals were allowed to acclimate to their new environment for seven days. Pregnant and non-pregnant cows and ewes were then paired (within a species) by body weight and pair-fed throughout the 5 day collection period. Copper and Zn intakes were similar for pregnant and non-pregnant animals within a species. Apparent absorption of Cu (p<0.06) and Zn (p<0.04) were higher in pregnant cows relative to non-pregnant cows. Pregnant cows also had a higher apparent retention of Cu (p<0.05) and Zn (p<0.06) relative to non-pregnant cows. Pregnant ewes had a higher (p<0.01) apparent absorption and retention of Zn compared to non-pregnant ewes. However, apparent absorption and retention of Cu were similar for pregnant and non-pregnant ewes. These data indicate that certain physiological and/or metabolic parameters are altered in pregnant cows and ewes consuming an alfalfa-based diet that enhance the apparent absorption and retention of certain trace minerals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.725-731
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• 1998

Nine crossbred female pigs fitted with the bladder catheters were used to investigate the effects of dietary protein form on the efficiency of absorbed nitrogen for nitrogen retention in growing pigs. Combinations of the main protein sources were corn-soybean meal (CSM; slow + slow absorption rate form), corn-hydrolyzed casein (CAS; slow + rapid absorption rate form) and corn-porcine plasma (CPL; slow + intermediate absorption rate form). All experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (CP 11%) and isocaloric (3.5 Mcal/kg) and synthetic amino acids were added to the diet as required to maintain an equivalent amino acid profile among diets. Fecal digestibility of nitrogen was not different among treatments (p > 0.10). Ingested nitrogen was absorbed with an apparent efficiency of 82% to 84%. Mean nitrogen retention in pigs fed the CSM diet was as high as for pigs fed the CPL diet (0.74 g N/kg $BW^{0.75}$ per d), which was higher than the N retention rate in pigs fed CAS diet (0.68 g/kg $BW^{0.75}$ per d; P < 0.05). Apparent biological values (ABV = 100 ${\times}$ N retention/absorbed nitrogen) were 63.3%, 58.0% and 61.6% for CSM, CAS, and CPL groups, respectively (p < 0.05). There was no difference in mean energy digestibility among treatments. The efficiency of absorbed lysine utilization was significantly different among treatments (p < 0.05). Pigs fed the CAS diet were inferior to counterparts on the other diets in utilizing absorbed lysine. The ratios of free (and small peptide-bound) to protein-bound amino acids in CSM diet differed considerably from the CAS diet. This may affect the efficiency of amino acids utilization for nitrogen retention if hydrolyzed and intact amino acid pools reach the blood at different times.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.279-283
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• 1992

Eighteen wether lambs averaging 32 kg were used to determine the effects of dietary silica, added as silicic acid, on mineral metabolism. Lambs were fed 1200 g daily of a coastal Bermuda grass based diet supplemented with either 0, .5 or 1.5% silicic acid. A 7-d total collection of urine and feces was conducted after lambs had adjusted to the dietary treatments for 19 days. Urinary excretion of silica was higher (p<.01) in lambs fed added silicic acid. Ruminal soluble concentrations of manganese tended to be lower (p<.10) and apparent absorption and retention of manganese were lower (p<.05) in lambs supplemented with silicic acid compared to control lambs. Apparent absorption and retention of calcium were slightly lower (p<.10) in silicic acid fed lambs. No differences in urinary between lambs fed .5 and those given 1.5% silicic acid. Phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper absorption and retention were not affected by treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2001

The Ca and P balance studies were carried out with two different diets varying Ca levels : the current Korean RDA level(normal Ca diet) and the high level (High Ca diet) which was determined by adding 2SD to mean Ca intake of all subjects. The subjects were sever healthy adult woman, aged from 25 to 32 years old. The metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks with a days recess in between : during the fist week with normal Ca diet and during the second week with high Ca diet. The composition of nutrients excepting Ca of both diets was similar to subjects usual intake. The result were summarized as follows: Mean daily Ca intake was 728.8mg from norma Ca diet and 945.5mg from high Ca diet. Fecal excretion of Ca increased significantly(p<0.05) on high Ca diet, but urinary excretion of Ca did not show any differences between the two diet periods. There were also no significant differences in Ca retention between the two diet periods but it tended to be greater during high Ca diet period: 112.1mg/day during normal Ca diet period vs 208.2mg/day during high Ca diet period. Mean apparent Ca absorption was 41.2% on normal Ca diet and 42.1% on high Ca diet, indicating it was not affected by high Ca intake level used in this study. On the contrary, P retention was significantly increased up to 109.4mg/day with high Ca diet as compared to- 41mg/day with normal Ca diet. There were no significant differences in fecal and urinary excretion of P but those to be lower during high Ca diet period. The above results showed that higher Ca intake more than current RDA(700mg/day), in the level of 945.5mg/day, could increase Ca retention through Ca absorption comparable to the rate appeared on RDA level intake. P retention was also improved by high Ca intake. Therefore, higher Ca intake than the current RDA level seemed to produce favorable effects on bone health in adult women. However, the current RDA level seemed to be relatively appropriate, considering the results that all the subjects but one maintained positive Ca balance with normal Ca diet. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1):54-61, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.578-589
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• 1996

This study was performed to invstigate the effect of dietary protein level and source on cadmium intoxicification in rats. Forty-eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 171$\pm$3g were blocked into 8 groups of 6 animals according to body weigth, and were raised for 30days. Eight experimental diets different with cadmium(0ppm, 400ppm)and protein(15%, 40%) levels and protein source[casien, I.S.P.(isolated soy protein)] were given to animals for 30days. Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver weight, kidney weight and femur weight were lower in cadmium added group, and higher in high protein groups(40% protein) than medium protein groups(15% protein). But, dietary protein source had no influence on them. Cadmium concerntration of liver was higher in rats fed casein than I.S.P. groups, and cadmium concentration in intestine was higher in high protein groups. In femur both high protein and I.S.P.diets increased cadmium concentrations. MT concdentrations in liver, kidney and intestine were higher in cadmium added group, and kidney intestine MT concentration were higher in high protein group. Absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in rat fed I.S.P. than animal fed casein among medium protein groups and cadmium concentration in blood and liver of I.S.P groups were lower than casein groups. But absorption and retention rates of cadmium were similar in high casein and I.S.P. groups. Renal damage by cadmium administration was not seen in all groups. Absorption rates of zinc and copper competing with cadmium in absorption process were lower in high protein groups than medium protein groups and lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In conclusion, weight gain, F.E.R, and MT concentraion of high protein groups were higher than those of medium protein groups and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were lower in high protein groups. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alleviated by high dietary protein. Meanwhile, the effect of dietary source on the cadmium toxicity was different with protein level. In medium protein groups absorption and retention rates of cadmium were much lower in rats fed I.S.P. than casein. In high protein groups, cadmium toxicity was not influenced by protein source and absorption and retention rates of cadmium were not different between casein and I.S.P. groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1049-1055
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the effects of calcium supplementation on calcium metabolism in seven healthy college women, aged from 19 to 21 years old. For this purpose, metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks. During the first week, the subjects ate experimental diet which nutrients composition was similar to their usual intake. And during the consecutive second week, they ate the same experimental diet supplemented with 500mg of calcium daily. The results were summarized as follows ; 1) Fecal excretion of calcium increased significantly (P<0.05), but urinary excretion of that did not show any change after supplementary intake of calcium. 2) Mean apparent calcium absorption was 28.5% and retention was 182mg/day when subjects ate the experimental diet without calcium supplementation. Calcium retention was significantly ate the experimental diet without calcium supplementation. Calcium retention was decreased to 24.1% by additional intake of calcium. 3) Phosphorus balance did not show any change after additional intake of calcium. 4) Serum calcium level was also not changed by additional intake of calcium. 5) Serum calcium level increased significantly(P<0.05) but serum phosphorus level did not show any change after additional intake of calcium. The above results showed that supplementation of 500mg calcium daily can be helpful to increase calcium retention as well as the peak bone mass in young women eating usual Korean diets.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.183-187
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• 1991

Effect of ginseng hairy and native roots on body absorption, fecal and urinary excretion of Ingested radiostrontium were investigated in the mouse(NIH-strain, male) treated with or without pre-feeding of each ginseng soluble fraction. The test groups were fed with basic diet supplemented with 1% each ginseng soluble fraction for 7 darts before the radiostrontium were administered by intragastric intubation. In the groups of treated with soluble fraction from ginseng hairy roots, the radioactivities of fecal and urinary excretion increased about 15% over than that of control groups and the whole body retention were about 38%. In the groups of treated with soluble fraction from native ginseng roots, the radioactivities of fecal and urinary excretion increased about 25% over than that of control groups and the whole body retention were about 28%. Also, the levels of radiostrontium accumulation retained significantly the higher percent in skeletons than in other organs.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.23-36
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• 2004

Objective : It is recently reported that enema therapy can be effective to enteric disease as well as painful disease, skin disease, immune disease. We look around many reports, books and make a comparative study of colon irrigation, coffee enema, retention enema. Method : I referred to many papers and books about three kinds of enema therapy. Results and Conclusions : 1. Colon irrigation remove fecal inpaction from colon and stimulate perisitalsis by injecting clean water to colon and also increase absorption ability. 2. Coffee enema inject coffee directly to colon, it is effective to detoxification, reducing pain by discharge of bile juice and toxic matters. 3. Retention enema use many kinds of suitable herb medicine to cure different disease by absorption to rectal mucous membrane. It is effective to acute, chronic disease, inflammatory disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 1988

Experiments were conducted with chicks and pigs to determine whether the sparing effects of cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni) on zinc (Zn) nutrition were due to an improved Zn availability. They included a Zn balance study with New Hampshire X Leghorn cross chicks, a $^{65}Zn$ absorption study with Ancona chicks and a $^{65}Zn$ balance study with pigs. The basal diet was a corn-soybean type diet high in calcium. In the Zn balance study with New Hampshire X Leghorn cross chicks, Zn retention percentages for basal, + 54 ppm Ni or + 54 ppm Co were 39.4, 40.4 and 48.3, respectively. In the $^{65}Zn$ absorption study with chicks, adding these levels of Ni or Co to the basal diet increased $^{65}Zn$ absorption from 12.8% to 14.0% and 15.1%, respectively. Supplemental Ni and Co increased the proportion of body $^{65}Zn$ found in liver and bone. With the pig experiment, $^{65}Zn$ retention percentages for basal, +54 ppm Co and + 60 ppm Zn groups were 20.0, 26.7 and 12.2, respectively; while Zn retention values (mg) in the body were 29.5, 45.1 and 60.5, respectively. In addition, supplemental Co increased $^{65}Zn$ concentration in the blood, liver, kidney and duodenum. These studies showed that supplementation of the basal diet with Co resulted in increased absorption of dietary Zn in chicks and pigs. The effect of Ni in chicks was less than that of Co. The ability of supplemental Co and to a lesser extent of Ni to improve weight gain as well as reduce other Zn-deficient signs in both species fed a practical corn-soybean type diet high in in calcium can be explained, at least in part by an associated increase in Zn absorption. The possible mechanism involved in these effects are discussed.