• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2017

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, is one of the most important pests of stored food in the food processing industry worldwide. To control the Indian meal moth, methyl bromide, phosphine, high carbon dioxide, sulfuryl fluoride and plant essential oil fumigation have been considered. However, these treatments have disadvantages. For example, depleting the ozone layer, showing resistance in insect, low control efficacy or need high cost for treatment. Chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$) is strong disinfectant and insecticide. The gas caused a malfunction in enzymes. The oxidative stress induced by $ClO_2$ gas treatment damaged to a physiological system and all life stages of P. interpunctella. The gaseous $ClO_2$ is a convincing alternative to methyl bromide for controlling P. interpunctella. The gaseous $ClO_2$ was generated by a chlorine dioxide generator (PurgoFarm Co., Ltd., Hwasung, Korea). It generated highly pure $ClO_2$ gas and the gas blown out through a vent into a test chamber. Gas entry to the chamber was automatically controlled and monitored by a PortaSene II gas leak detector (Analytical Technology, Collegeville, PA, USA). The properly prepared eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of P. interpunctella were used in this experiment. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Percentage data were statistically analyzed after arcsine-root transformation. Analysis of variance was performed using general linear model, and means were separated by the least significant difference test at P < 0.05. Fumigation is an effective management technique for controlling all stages of P. interpunctella. We found that $ClO_2$ gas treatment directly effects on egg, larvae, pupae and adults of P. interpunctella. The gas treatment with proper concentration for over a day achieved 100 % mortality in all stages of P. interpunctella and short time treatment or low concentration gas treatment results showed that the egg hatchability, pupation rate, and adult emergency rate were lowered compare with untreated control. Also, abnormal pupae or adult rate were increased. Gaseous $ClO_2$ treatment induced insecticidal reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it resulted in fatal oxidative stress in P. interpunctella. Taken together, these results showed that exposure proper concentration and time of the gas control all stages of P. interpunctella by inducing fatal oxidative stress. Further studies will be required to apply the gas treatment under real-world condition and to understanding physiological reaction in P. interpunctella caused by oxidative stress.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 2004

This simulation study investigated the characteristics of normal gait, $30^{\circ}$ crouch gait, $30^{\circ}$ crouch/equinus gait, $45^{\circ}$ crouch gait, $45^{\circ}$ crouch/equinus gait. The knee flexion angles were restricted using a specially designed orthosis. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory of the National Rehabilitation Center. Fifteen healthy male subjects were recruited for the study. The purposes of this study were (1) to compare spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, and kinetic variables in the sagittal plane among the different gait, (2) to investigate the secondary compensatory strategy, and (3) to suggest biomechanical physical therapy treatment methods. The pattern and magnitude observed in each condition were similar to those of normal gait, except the peak knee extension moment of the unrestricted ankle motion-crouch gait. However, the speed of the $45^{\circ}$ crouch gait was half that of a normal gait. The ankle joint moment in the crouch/equinus gait showed the double-bump pattern commonly observed in children with spastic cerebral palsy, and there was no significant difference in gait speed as compared with normal gait. The peak ankle plantar-flexor moment and ankle power generated during the terminal stance in the crouch/equinus conditions were reduced as compared with normal and $45^{\circ}$ crouch gaits (p<.05). The crouch/equinus gait at the ankle joint was an effective compensatory mechanism. Since ankle plantarflexion contracture can be exacerbated secondary to the ankle compensatory strategy in the crouch/equinus gait, it is necessary to increase the range of ankle dorsiflexion and the strength of plantarflexion simultaneously to decrease the abnormal biomechanical advantages of the ankle joint.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2016

Esophageal atresia is the abnormal development of the esophagus that connects the mouth to the stomach. This birth defect results in the incomplete connection of the esophagus to the stomach causing an inability to swallow properly and breathing difficulties. Surgery is the only treatment for esophageal atresia. Patients undergone an esophageal reconstruction usually suffer from gastroesophageal reflex. A 5-year old boy with congenital esophageal atresia and Sciwitar syndrome visited Seoul National University Dental Hospital because generalized excessive loss of tooth structure. The patient had history of multiple operations for reconstruct esophagus. He had little food intake experience thought oral and had difficulty to swallowing. The patient was generalized severe erosive and decayed state. For patient, the dental procedure under general anesthesia was scheduled due to the multiple caries with erosion and poor cooperation. Under general anesthesia, pulpectomy and restoration as well as extraction was performed. Gastroesophageal reflex is potentially serious condition, with various extraesophageal adverse effects such as dental erosion. To prevent progression of dental caries, dietary counselling and oral hygiene instruction should be reinforced. Also, restorations to erosive teeth will maintain esthetics and function and preserve pulp vitality.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.722-728
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• 2015

The demand for shipboard energy management is expected to gradually increase based on ship energy efficiency management plans (SEEMPs), which have been in use since January 1, 2013. Therefore, the fuel consumption of the main engine, which occupies the greatest portion of the energy used, along with elements related to the engine power, should be strictly monitored. There are many different methods for indicating the engine power. However, this study performed an experiment to monitor the status of a ship's engine power in real time using an encoder and a proximate switch, which are economical to purchase and easy to install. In the experiment, the angular velocity during one cycle of a two-stroke low-speed engine was measured, and the measured data were converted to the torque fluctuation. The angular velocity during an abnormal firing condition in the cylinder was also measured, and the torque fluctuation as a result of a misfire was considered. The results were compared with sea trial data to determine the reliability. In this study, the status of the engine power was determined using the torque fluctuation of the main engine in an operating ship.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.537-546
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• 2009

Determination of optimal pressure monitoring location is essential to manage water distribution system efficiently and safely. In this study, entropy theory is applied to overcome defects of previous researches about determining the optimal sensor location. The previous studies required the calibration using historical data, therefore, it was difficult to apply the proposed method in the place where the enough data were not available. Also, most researches have focused on the locations to minimize cost and maximize accuracy of the model, which is not appropriate for the purpose of maintenance of the water distribution system. The proposed method in this study quantify the entropy which is defined as the amount of information calculated from the pressure change due to the variation of discharge. When abnormal condition is occurred in a node, the effect on the entire network is presented by the entropy, and the emitter is used to reproduce actual pressure change pattern in EPANET. The optimal location to install pressure sensors in water distribution system is the nodes having the maximum information from other nodes. The looped and branched networks are evaluated using the proposed model. As a result, entropy theory provides general guideline to select the locations to install pressure sensors and the results can be used to help decision makers.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.39
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• pp.39-46
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• 2007

Most areas in Kangwon Province are mountainous and vulnerable to landslide due to the rainy season in summer and the localized torrential downpour triggered by abnormal climate. In particular, the rainfall is one of direct reasons for landslide. In accordance with the analysis of the relevance between the landslide areas and the accumulated rainfall for four months, there are severe damages of landslide to the areas having more than 1,100 mm of rainfall during three(3) months. Further, it indicates that the more the accumulated rainfall is the greater the size of landslide. These analyses show that the rainfall causes the possible and potential landslide in the vulnerable areas. And also, it means that there exist strong possibilities of landslide even in the areas of lower vulnerability if the amount of rainfall is above certain standard level. Accordingly, in this study we stored the GIS database on the causes and factors of landslide in the southern parts of Kangwon province and conducted simulations on the change of distribution of vulnerable areas by varying the rainfall conditions and by using the evaluation data of landslide vulnerability. As such a result, we found that the landslide could potentially occur if the amount of rainfall is 200 mm and more.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.180-188
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• 2017

Recently, as the strength of winds and waves increases due to the climate change, abnormal waves such as swells have been also increased, which results in the increase of downtime events of loading/unloading in a harbour. To reduce the downtime events, breakwaters were constructed in a harbour to improve the tranquility. However, it is also important and useful for efficient port operation by predicting accurately and also quickly the downtime events when the harbour operation is in a limiting condition. In this study, numerical simulations were carried out to calculate the wave conditions based on the forecasted wind data in offshore area/outside harbour and also the long-term observation was carried out to obtain the wave data in a harbour. A forecasting method was designed using an auto-regressive (AR) and artificial neural networks (ANN) models in order to establish the relationship between the wave conditions calculated by wave model (SWAN) in offshore area and observed ones in a harbour. To evaluate the applicability of the proposed method, this method was applied to predict wave heights in a harbour and to forecast the downtime events in Pohang New Harbour with highly complex topography were compared. From the verification study, it was observed that the ANN model was more accurate than the AR model.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.94-100
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• 2008

Recently, global warming for climate system is a crucial issue over the world and it brings about severe climate change, abnormal temperature, a downpour, a drought, and so on. Especially, a drought over the earth surface accelerates desertification which has been advanced over the several years mainly originated from a climatic change. The objective of this study is to detect variation of vegetation water condition around China and Mongolia desert by using satellite data having advantage in observing surface biological system. In this study, we use SPOT/VEGETATION satellite image to calculate NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) around study area desert for monitoring of status of vegetation characteristics. The vegetation water status index from remotely sensing data is related to desertification since dry vegetation is apt to desertify. We can infer vegetation water status using NDWI acquired by NIR (Near infrared) and SWIR (Short wave infrared) bands from SPOT/VGT. The consequence is that NDWI decreased around desert from 1999 to 2006. The areas that NDWI was decreased are located in the northeast of Mongolian Gobi desert and the southeast of China Taklamakan desert.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2009

This study aimed to examine the testis toxicities of metal compound, manganese (Mn), which may be generated as mist or fume in the industrial sites. As well as serum prolactin (PRL) concentration was analyzed because Mn accumulation in basal ganglia up-regulates serum PRL and hyperprolactinemia consecutively induces the testis toxicity. Male F344 rats were divided into the 4 groups (2 controls and 2 Mn treated groups, n=10) on the basis of the test condition (inhalation, Mn $1.5mg/m^3$ or not) and treatment period (for 4-weeks and 13-weeks). The treatment time was 6 hr. a day, 5 days a week for the whole body. Basic tests including changes in body weight, feed rate were observed. Blood and testis Mn concentration, and testis toxicity test such as the number and deformity test of sperm were also observed. Serum PRL level was analyzed by ELISA to certify the relationship between the Mn induced increase of the serum PRL level and sperm production. Blood and testis Mn concentrations were significantly and dose-dependently increased. Sperm count was decreased in Mn-treatment groups than control in a treatment time dependent manner. Morphological analysis of cauda epidydimal sperm showed that the frequencies of morphologically abnormal sperms such as bent tail and small head were increased in the both Mn-treatment groups than control. A significant increase in serum PRL levels was found in response to Mn treatment but it was not hyperprolactinemia range. These results suggest that treatment of Mn up-regulates the serum PRL concentration and induces the testis toxicity. The No Aversed Effect Level (NOAEL) of inhaled Mn on the male rat testis may be under the $1.5mg/m^3$.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2009

Purpose: Colitis is a condition associated with a spectrum of altered morphologic changes and cellular adhesion. E-cadherin plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of epithelial tissue structure and cell-cell adhesion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate E-cadherin expression in colonic epithelium of various colitis in children. Methods: The expressions of E-cadherin were examined in 39 cases of colonic mucosal biopsy specimen using immunohistochemical staining. When more than 50 percent of cells exhibited uniformly the same intensity and pattern of immunostaining as the adjacent normal mucosa, the antigen expression was considered normal. Abnormal expression was defined when less than 50 percent of cells stained, when cells showed a heterogeneously weak or altered distribution, or when complete absence of staining was observed. Results: Fifteen cases with non-specific colitis (38.5%), 7 cases of with Crohn's disease (17.9%), 5 cases of infectious colitis and milk protein sensitive proctocolitis (12.8%), 3 cases of ulcerative colitis (7.7%), 2 cases of Henoch-Schonlein purpura colitis (5.1%), one case of Behcet's disease and ischemic colitis (2.6%) were included in this study. E-cadherin expression was decreased in all kinds of colitis. Reduced expression of E-cadherin was observed in 77 percent of cases. E-cadherin was weaker or no expression in reparative epithelium and "ulcer associated cell lineage". Conclusion: Altered expression of E-cadherin occurs during mucosal inflammation in any kinds of colitis. These changes may be involved in promoting cell migration during epithelial restitution of the gastrointestinal mucosa.