• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.466-478
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• 2003

This study was to evaluate the body composition and bone mineral density according to aging in adult and investigated the relationship between various parameters such as body mass index(BMI), bone mineral density(BMD), bone mineral content(BMC), lean body mass(LBM), fat mass(FM) and the value obtained from dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). The subjects were composed of healthy adult male and female who were $20^{\sim}73$ years old and they were divided three group according to age (A group : 20-39 yrs., B group : 40-59 yrs., C group : more than 60 yrs.). The conclusion derived from statistical analysis was as follows : 1. Bone mineral content and density were significantly affected by lean body mass(relatively, R=0.85 - 0.63). 2. There was significant difference among age groups in total bone mineral density. 3. There was significant difference among age groups in bone mineral content of male and female. 4. Lean body mass is diminished according to age, but there was not significant difference among age groups. 5. Fat mass of A group in male had the highest mass and followed by C group and B group. In female groups, fat mass of A group had the highest mass and followed by B group and C group. Abdominal fat mass is increased according to age. This result suggest that aging was closely relation with loss of muscle mass, bone mineral density and bone mineral content.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1193-1201
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• 2021

Objective: According to market demand, meat duck breeding mainly includes 2 breeding directions: lean Pekin duck (LPD) and fat Pekin duck (FPD). The aim of the present study was to compare carcass and meat quality traits between 2 strains, and to provide basic data for guidelines of processing and meat quality improvement. Methods: A total of 62 female Pekin ducks (32 LPDs and 30 FPDs) were slaughtered at the age of 42 days. The live body weight and carcass traits were measured and calculated. Physical properties of breast muscle were determined by texture analyzer and muscle fibers were measured by paraffin sections. The content of inosine monophosphate (IMP), intramuscular fat (IMF) and fatty acids composition were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, Soxhlet extraction method and automated gas chromatography respectively. Results: The results showed that the bodyweight of LPDs was higher than that of FPDs. FPDs were significantly higher than LPDs in subcutaneous fat thickness, subcutaneous fat weight, subcutaneous fat percentage, abdominal fat percentage and abdominal fat shear force (p<0.01). LPDs were significantly higher than FPDs in breast muscle thickness, breast muscle weight, breast muscle rate and breast muscle shear force (p<0.01). The muscle fiber average area and fiber diameter of LPDs were significantly higher than those of FPDs (p<0.01). The muscle fiber density of LPDs was significantly lower than that of FPDs (p<0.01). The IMF of LPDs in the breast muscle was significantly higher than that in the FPDs (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the 2 strains in IMP content (p>0.05). The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of LPDs was significantly higher than that of FPDs (p<0.01), and FPDs had higher saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: Long-term breeding work resulted in vast differences between the two strains Pekin ducks. This study provides a reference for differences between LPD and FPD that manifest as a result of long-term selection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1376-1382
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• 2008

The carcass characteristics and composition of both male and female commercial broiler chickens (CB) and the red jungle fowl (RJF) were compared at a common body weight of $800{\pm}25.6g$. The RJF and CB were 133 and 17 d of age, respectively, when they reached 800 g. The yields of breast and thigh portions and their muscle to bone ratios were higher for RJF as compared to CB. On the other hand, the latter had significantly greater hearts, livers and gizzards. The weights of the whole thigh and drumstick, and their muscles were lower in females than males. The CB had more abdominal fat than RJF. While sex had no significant effect on the absolute weights of abdominal fats in CB, the female RJF were fatter than their male counterparts. The fat and cholesterol contents of the breast and leg muscles of CB were significantly higher than those of RJF. The opposite was noted for protein content of both muscles. The effect of sex on fat and cholesterol contents varied according to muscle type. Comparison of CB and RJF at a common body weight suggested that the rate of development of body components have changed concomitantly with selection for rapid growth in the former.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1606-1611
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• 2007

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dihydropyridine on laying performance and fat metabolism of laying hens. Five hundred and forty laying hens, 40 weeks old, were randomly allotted to three groups, each of which included four replicates of 45 hens. The groups were given a basal corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine. Results showed that compared with the control group (0 mg/kg dihydropyridine), supplements of 150 and 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine increased egg production rate by 9.39% (p<0.01) and 12.97% (p<0.01), increased mean egg weight by 3% (p>0.05) and 4.8% (p>0.05), and improved feed efficiency by 9.54% (p<0.05) and 7.25% (p<0.05), respectively; The addition of 150 and 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine decreased percentage of abdominal fat by 35.4% (p<0.05) and 46.9% (p<0.05), decreased liver fat content by 32.4% (p<0.05) and 10.5% (p<0.05), increased HSL activity of abdominal fat by 39.64% (p<0.05) and 48.48% (p<0.05), increased HSL activity of liver by 9.4% (p>0.05) and 47.34% (p<0.05) and increased the content of cAMP in adenohypophysis by 14.67% (p<0.05) and 10.91% (p<0.05), respectively; The inclusion of 150 mg/kg dihydropyridine increased liver superoxide dismutase activity by 69.61% (p<0.05), and increased hepatic apoB concentration by 53.96% (p<0.05); The supplementation of 150 or 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine decreased malondialdehyde concentration of hepatic mitochondria by 30.90% (p<0.01) and 10.39% (p<0.05), respectively; Supplemented dihydropyridine had no significant effects on TG, Ch HDL-C and VLDL-C concentrations in serum; addition of 150 or 300 mg/kg dihydropyridine increased T3 levels in serum by 15.34% (p<0.05) and 11.88% (p<0.05) and decreased insulin concentration by 40.44% (p<0.05) and 54.37% (p<0.05), respectively. The results demonstrated that adding dihydropyridine had the tendency of improving very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) content in the ovary. It was concluded that dihydropyridine could improve laying performance and regulate the fat metabolism of laying hens and that 150 mg/kg dihydropyridine is the optimum dose for laying birds in practical conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.261-266
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• 1996

Carcass analysis of most economical parts of broilers were studied after they were fed with different protein levels of 16, 18, 20 and 23% for the starter period and 16, 18 and 20% for the grower period. The energy value of the feed was constant at 3,200 kcal ME/kg. The results for the starter and grower broilers showed similar pattern of responses. There were significant increased in weight gain, feed intake, protein intake, while there were significant decrease in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), abdominal fat and carcass fat when dietary protein increased. For the economical parts of the carcass, most of the fats were found in the thigh meat, while the lowest was found in the breast meat. The protein levels did not influence the meat production of the breast, drumstick and thigh portion. Increasing the protein intake, increased the broiler performance in relation to increased protein content of the breast, drumstick and thigh meat. The different fat contents of the meat might be due to differences in the rate of lipogenesis and fat deposition of the meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 1999

Three experiments were conducted to develop and test equations for predicting carcass composition. In the first study using 52 d-old Cobb ${\times}$ Cobb male broilers, twenty four carcasses were selected from 325 processed birds based upon visual appraisal for abdominal fat (low, medium, high) and assayed for specific gravity (SG), dry matter (DM), fat, protein, and ash. In experiment 2, 120 birds were fed rations containing 2 caloric densities (2,880 and $3,200kcal\;ME_n/kg$ diet) and assayed as described above on weeks 2,3,4,5, and 6. Carcass fat was elevated (p < 0.05) with increased caloric density. In both studies predictive variables were significantly correlated with chemically determined carcass fat, protein, and ash contents. Pooled across the 2 studies, data were used to form SG, DM, and or age based equations for predicting carcass composition. Results were tested in experiment 3, where 576 birds reared to 49-d consumed either 2,880, 3,200, or $3,574kcal\;ME_n/kg$ diet while exposed to constant $24^{\circ}C$ or cycling 24 to $35^{\circ}C$ ambient temperatures. Both dietary and environmental effects impacted (p < 0.05) carcass composition. The fat content analyzed chemically was enhanced from 12.4 to 15.7%, and predicted fat was also elevated from 13.4 to 14.8% with increasing caloric density. Heat distress reduced (p < 0.05) analyzed carcass protein (18.9 vs 18.3%) and predicted protein (18.2 vs 17.5%). Predicted equation values for carcass fat, protein, ash, and energy were correlated with the chemically analyzed values at r=0.96, 0.77, 0.86, and 0.79, respectively. Results suggest that prediction equations based on DM and SG may be used to estimate carcass fat, protein, ash, and energy contents of broilers consuming diets that differ in caloric density (2,800 to $3,574kcal\;ME_n/kg$) and for broilers exposed to either constant ($24^{\circ}C$) or cycling high (24 to $35^{\circ}C$) ambient temperatures during 49-d rearing period tested in the present study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a low-protein diet supplemented with DL-methionine plus L-cystine (Met + Cys) on the growth performance and fat accumulation of female broiler chicks during the growing period (3-6 wks old). A low-protein diet (17% CP; 3,200 ME kcal/kg) was supplemented with Met + Cys (1.1 : 1.0) at levels 0.75, 0.94, 1.25, 1.31 or 1.50% of diet, respectively. Another diet with 21% CP and 3,200 ME kcal/kg served as the control group. All essential amino acids were adjusted to meet the National Research Council (1984) requirement for chicks. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Body weight of the chicks fed the low-CP diets supplemented with Met + Cys were heavier than those of the control birds. Feed conversion ratio and feed intakes were not significantly different between and among the treatment groups. Similary, abdominal fat content was not significantly different among the various treatments except that of the chicks fed the low CP diet with 1.25% Met + Cys which was higher than that of the control group. Fatty acid synthetase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activities and carcass protein content were not influenced by dietary treatments. Carcass fat content was lowest in chicks fed low CP diet with 0.75% Met + Cys and highest in the group that received 1.50% Met + Cys supplementation. Liver triglyceride increased as Met + Cys supplementation level increased. Various lipid fraction concentrations (cholesterol ester, free cholesterol, and phospholipid) in the serum went up as Met + Cys increased up to 1.25% after which it levelled off. Results of this experiment suggest that it is possible to reduce dietary protein level from 21% to 17% for growing broiler chicks by the supplementation of Met + Cys when other EAA were sufficient.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1076-1083
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• 2007

The effects of barley and oat feeding in table duck were investigated. During a 49-day growing period a corn-based diet was supplemented by 45% barley and 45% oats (isonitrogenously and iso-energetically), respectively. Daily feed intake, FCR-, and weight gain were measured. Abdominal fat, liver, and gizzard weights were determined and dry matter, protein, fat content and fatty acid composition of femoro-tibial muscles and liver fat were measured on the $35^{th}$, $42^{nd}$ and $49^{th}$ days of age. Feeding 45% barley caused a decrease of growth rate ($p{\leq}0.05$) during the first 4 weeks, which was followed by a rapid, compensatory growth from the $6^{th}$ week of age ($p{\leq}0.05$). Both barley and oat supplementation increased protein ($p{\leq}0.05$), while decreasing fat ($p{\leq}0.05$) and dry matter ($p{\leq}0.05$) content of the liver. Feeding of 45% oats in the diet decreased the monounsaturated fatty acid ($p{\leq}0,05$) and increased the n-6 ($p{\leq}0,05$), n-3 ($p{\leq}0,05$) and total polyunsaturated ($p{\leq}0,05$) fatty acid content of the intramuscular fat owing to the high proportion of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in the diet. This might be explained by the more pronounced decrease in digestibility of saturated than unsaturated fatty acids in birds fed a soluble NSP-enriched diet. This result might be caused by the "cage effect" of soluble NSP trapping the bile salts which are more important for the absorption of saturated than polyunsaturated fatty acids.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.341-347
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early diet dilution with 40% rice hull on growth performance, carcass characteristic and composition of meat-type ducks, and to reveal the possible mechanism for decreased body fat deposition. 160 1-day-old White Peking ducks with initial body weight of $44.5{\pm}1.0$ g were allotted to two treatments with 8 replicate pens per treatment and 10 ducks per pen (5 male and 5 female). Ducks were fed with the experimental starter diets diluted with 0% (control, RH0), 40% rice hull (RH40) during 8 to 14 d of age, respectively. Thereafter, all ducks were fed with grower diet. Ducks fed with RH40 diet from 8 to 14 d of age increased (p<0.05) feed intake, decreased (p<0.05) body weight, body weight gain and adjusted feed intake (excluded rice hull), abdominal fat, skin with fat, and fat content in carcass, and reduced (p<0.05) activities of hepatic malic dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase. When diet dilution was withdrawn in the re-fed period from 15 to 42 d of age, full compensatory growth of body weight, breast meat and leg meat weight were attained. However, ducks were still less (p<0.05) carcass fat content and showed continually lower (p<0.05) hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities at the market age in RH40 ducks than the control. These results indicated that diluting diet with 40% rice hull during 8 to 14 d of age might be a suitable method to improve feed efficiency, and to reduce carcass fat deposition in the production of meat-type ducks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1987

Two hundred and forty female day-old broiler chicks were employed in this study to investigate the influence of grains containing different levels of dietary fiber on the growth rate, carcass fat content and abdominal fat pad weight. Corn and sorghum were used as low-fiber grains, and rye and hulled barley as high-fiber grains. During the 6 weeks of feeding period, chicks were fed one of the four diets which were iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous. Birds were Tandomly allotted to 20 battery cages. There were five replicates per treatment and 12 chicks per replicate (pen). Data were subjected to the one-way ANOVA test, and when significant at 5% level, then means were compared by the method of Duncan (1955). At 3 weeks of age, rye-fed chicks grew significantly slower than did the other birds. At 6 weeks of age, the growth rates of chicks fed rye and sorghum were significantly lower than those of birds fed barley ana corn. Carcasses from birds fed rye showed significantly lower tat content than those from birds fed corn and sorghum at 3 weeks of age. No significant difference was found between rye and barley in this context. At 6 weeks of age. however, this difference in carcass fat content disappeared. No significant difference in abdominal fat pad weight was found among four grains at both 3 and 6 weeks of ages.