Among the rivers in Korea, the Han River is the largest, most important one, which runs through the Seoul metropolitan region in the west toward the yellow sea. In the Han River basin there live as many as 17.1 mil. people including appr, 11 mil, citizens in Seoul. The Seoul Metropolitan region, already containing appr. 40% of the nation's total populating, expectedly poses an ever-growing polluting burden to the Han River. Due to Korea's vigorous industrialization and heavy urbanization in the past quarter century, water pollution was observed to be increasing in the Han River until the mid-1980's, but thereafter the Han River began to improve little by little by virtue of the government's massive investment and all-out efforts in water preservation. Public awareness on the importance of environmental protection is increasing unprecedentedly. With a view to meeting people's growing demand for clean water and pleasant environment, the government established the "Comprehensive Mid-Term Environmental Conservation Plan" (1992∼1993) in 1991. According to the plan, 1,315 bil.won(1.7 bil.us$ ) is to be poured into the Han River Basin to install 113 water pollutant abatement plants including 43 treatment facilities. To successfully cope with the future's challenging need for the environmentally sound sustainable development, a variety of measures and an array of policies are going to be incorporated with emphasis on, -redistributing such polluting sources as population and industries -tightening control of the water pollutant discharge -restricting the pollution-accompanying land use -enhancing the assimilation capacity of the river -stirring up the public awareness and participation in the environment protection We hopefully anticipate that with those e(forts the Han River will improve as drawn in the attached "1996's Envisioned Han River Quality".
Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from sewerage facilities such as a sanitary sewers, outlets, and catch basins. In addition, the dominant malodorous VOCs among the compounds in this study were studied. Methods: Waste gas samples were collected at 27 points in a sanitary sewer in commercial and residental areas. The concentrations of seven volatile organic compounds, including benzene and toluene, in the samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS). Odor concentrations were estimated using the concentration data of the VOCs and each compound's threshold limit value. Results: As a result, it appeared that the average concentration of total observed data for acetaldehyde was 15.98 ppb and benzene 1.87 ppb, toluene 82.31 ppb, ethyl benzene 63.12 ppb, m+p-xylene 15.66 ppb, oxylene 18.73 ppb, and styrene 4.39 ppb. VOC concentrations in the commercial area were higher than those in the residential area. VOC concentrations of waste gas emitted from sewer lines was also higher than those at the outlet and in the catch basins. It was estimated that the main malodorous VOC among the seven VOCs was acetaldehyde. Conclusions: As there is little data on VOC concentrations inside sewer facilities in Korea, these data will be helpful for estimating impact assessment of VOCs and establishing a counter-plan for the abatement of VOCs from sewer facilities in the future.
Kim, Young-Rae;Song, Jun-Hyeok;Park, Hyang-Kwon;Kim, Sung-Hak
Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
/
제29권12호
/
pp.1642-1649
/
2000
Objectives : Transverse myelitis(TM) is characterized by bilateral motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction of the spinal cord in the absence of pre-existing neurologic disease. It is an uncommon but not rare condition. But it remains as poorly understood syndrome not only etiologically but also in terms of its clinical behavior. Neurosurgically, It is often quite difficult to distinguish from other surgical intramedullary lesions. We present our clinical experiences of TM in order to assess its clinical behavior and to define the radiological characteristics that can distinguish TM from other intramedullary lesions. Methods : From June 1991 to May 1997, twenty-nine patients with transverse myelitis were admitted to our department. All cases revealed acute or subacute syndrome of non-compressive myelopathy and intramedullary lesions in the MRI. We analyze the radiological data and medical records retrospectively. Results : Patients ranged in age from 16 to 66 years, with 22 males and 7 females. Mean follow-up period was 53 months. For the offending levels, cervical was 5, thoracic 21, and lumbar 3 in number. The patients who presented the return of symptoms after a diminution or abatement of initial symptoms were 7(24%). In the MRI, TM showed typical characteristics of high signal intensity lesions in the center of spinal cord in T2 weighted images and low- to iso-signal intensity in T1 weighted images. A focal nodular enhancement pattern was observed in 58.6%(17/29) of the patients. MR follow-up studies were done in the 21 patients and radiological improvement were verified. Biopsies were done in 3 patients. Normal to good outcome was achieved in 62% of the patients. Conclusion : Transverse myelitis has characteristic radiological findings that can be distinguished from other intramedullary lesions. In our series, it is associated with significant recurrence rates thus, should not be considered a selflimiting disease with good prognosis.
Lee, Shin Ja;Shin, Nyeon Hak;Jeong, Jin Suk;Kim, Eun Tae;Lee, Su Kyoung;Lee, Sung Sill
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
/
제31권1호
/
pp.54-62
/
2018
Objective: Due to the threat of global warming, the livestock industry is increasingly interested in exploring how feed additives may reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, especially from ruminants. This study investigated the effect of Rhodophyta supplemented bovine diets on in vitro rumen fermentation and rumen microbial diversity. Methods: Cannulated Holstein cows were used as rumen fluid donors. Rumen fluid:buffer (1:2; 15 mL) solution was incubated for up to 72 h in six treatments: a control (timothy hay only), along with substrates containing 5% extracts from five Rhodophyta species (Grateloupia lanceolata [Okamura] Kawaguchi, Hypnea japonica Tanaka, Pterocladia capillacea [Gmelin] Bornet, Chondria crassicaulis Harvey, or Gelidium amansii [Lam.] Lamouroux). Results: Compared with control, Rhodophyta extracts increased cumulative gas production after 24 and 72 h (p = 0.0297 and p = 0.0047). The extracts reduced methane emission at 12 and 24 h (p<0.05). In particular, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that at 24 h, ciliate-associated methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens decreased at 24 h (p = 0.0002, p<0.0001, and p<0.0001), while Fibrobacter succinogenes (F. succinogenes) increased (p = 0.0004). Additionally, Rhodophyta extracts improved acetate concentration at 12 and 24 h (p = 0.0766 and p = 0.0132), as well as acetate/propionate (A/P) ratio at 6 and 12 h (p = 0.0106 and p = 0.0278). Conclusion: Rhodophyta extracts are a viable additive that can improve ruminant growth performance (higher total gas production, lower A/P ratio) and methane abatement (less ciliateassociated methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens and more F. succinogenes.
The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
/
제12권2호
/
pp.52-65
/
2006
Sling exercises therapy can speak as appliable comprehensive exercises therapy technique efficiently in general exercise field for injured worker's rehabilitation process and health improvement patient or athlete, injury or disease that have pain or dysfunction to neuromuscular system using that shake. At 1990 an early stage, because physical therapist and doctors of medical treatment developed country norway of north europe cooperate sling exercises therapy's concept trend spreading worldwide establishing theory newly based on scientific basic be. Musculoskeletal system, old man and young child's nervous system injurer's treatment and exercise and industry worker's rehabilitation process, athlete's rehabilitation etc. several fields introduced in early 2000s to Korea apply. Sling exercises therapy neuromuscular system disease continuous abatement as general concept of active exercise and treatment that use sling exercises equipment by purpose know can. This review article wishes to introduce about neuromuscular activation, "Neurac" technique that can speak as step developed more concept based on application principle etc, of basic sling exercises effort's change by suspension point's change that is concept, stability exercises principle, open kinetic chain exercises and closed kinetic chain exercises. Arranged about Plateau potential's characteristic and working mechanism and Neurac technique's application method that can say as Neurac technique's neuro-physiologic base, and presented treatment method of lumbar part disease and cervical part, shoulder joint part disease to application example. Because plateau potential forward player that induce using Neurac technique in part muscles that act role that keep spine surrounding stability in this article keeps muscle's contraction continuously, between global and local muscles, presented several study findings that can cause affirmative change in insufficient muscle adjustment state such as imbalance of muscles' action order. Expect that case studies that use this Neurac technique here after consist continuously.
In accordance with the global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Korean government submitted its INDC (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution) of 25.7% for domestic reduction and the total of 37% reduction by 2030 including the purchase of emission reduction permit from abroad. In this study, 25.7% reduction target is being evaluated to see its impact on domestic energy system using the integrated assessment model, GCAM (Global Change Assessment Model). Results show that electricity generation from fossil fuel technologies using coal and gas decrease by 28.0%, 13.5% while that of biomass, wind power, solar energy increase by 47.6%, 22.0% and 45.4%, respectively. It is worth noting that so called new technology such as USC (ultra supercritical power generation) does not contribute to achieving the emission reduction target and careful and quantitative analysis is required for such categorization in the future.
Filter media finely interspersed with activated carbons were prepared by a needle punching process without using chemical binders. Their characteristics were investigated efficiently to abate environmentally harmful gas such as acetaldehyde, and were compared with those of cabin air filter coated with activated carbons by using chemical binders. These combination filters were installed on a vehicle fan placed in a test chamber of capacity similar to the interior volume of a commercially available passenger car, and the efficiency of acetaldehyde abatement was measured as a function of time. The filter utilizing chemical binders showed somewhat better performance for the elimination of acetaldehyde despite the adverse effect of the chemical binder that would clog the micropores of the activated carbons. It turned out that the needle punching process had the activated carbons agglomerated due to hydrophobic interactions, resulting in a relatively larger void area than that of the filter utilizing chemical binders.
Kwak, Sungjin;Bhattrai, Bal Dev;Gim, Giyoung;Kang, Phil-Goo;Heo, Woomyung
Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
/
제51권1호
/
pp.135-147
/
2018
In order to investigate the runoff characteristics of nonpoint source pollutants in the Lake Doam watershed, water quality and flow rate were monitored for 38-rainfall events from 2009 to 2016. The EMC values of SS, COD, TN and TP were in the range of 33~2,169, 3.5~56.9, 0.09~7.65 and $0.06{\sim}2.21mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. As a result of analyzing the effect of rainfall factor on the nonpoint source pollutant load, EMCs of SS, COD and TP showed a statistically significant correlation with rainfall (RA) (p<0.01) and SS showed highly significant correlation with maximum rainfall intensity (MRI, R=0.48). The load ranges of SS, COD, TN and TP were 10.4~11,984.6, 1.1~724.4, 0.6~51.6 and $0.03{\sim}22.85ton\;event^{-1}$, respectively, showing large variation depending on the characteristics of rainfall events. The effect of rainfall on the load was analyzed. SS, COD and TP showed a positive correlation, but TN did not show any significant correlation. The annual load of SS was the highest with $88,645tons\;year^{-1}$ in 2011 when rainfall was the highest with 1,669 mm. The result of impact analysis of nonpoint source pollution reduction project and land-use change on runoff load showed that pollutant load significantly reduced from 2009 to 2014 but SS and TP loads were increased from 2014 to 2016 due to increase in construction area. Therefore, we suggested that nonpoint source pollution abatement plan should be continued to reduce the soil loss and pollutants during rainfall, and countermeasures to reduce nonpoint source pollution due to construction need to be established.
This paper constructed the single country sequential dynamic CGE model to analyze the economic impacts of subsidizing water industry under the GHG emission abatement policy in Korea. We introduced the carbon tax to reduce the GHG emission and made two scenarios. One is to transfer the total tax revenue to household. The other is to mix the tax transfer and water industry support. Our Simulation results show that the macroeconomic effects might be positive by subsidizing water industry compared with the pure tax transfer. However, the support of water industry doesn't contribute to head for the non-energy intensive economy because it's economic activity highly depend on fossil energy and energy intensive products as intermediate demand. This means that it is important to make efforts on the cost effective measures such as energy technology progress, alternative energy development, and energy efficiency improvement in water industry against climate change policy.
Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
/
한국소음진동공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회논문집
/
pp.89-101
/
2006
This study is a part of ???A study of the community noise:new guideline and policy' which have three main topics and ten sub-topics. Accordingly this part deals with a transpotation noise specifying road traffic ,railroad and aircraft noise, respectively. At first, the ,roadside traffic noise of whole country in 2004 ,22 major cities of total 29 was exceeded the envionmetal noise standards, 55dB(A) at night time ,therefore 24 milion people ,52.4% of korean, who reside at roadside estimates to be exposured the basic problems of this serious noise polluation comes from:: i)It's very limited noise mitigation measures against to continuously increase the number of automobile yearly. ii) and at beginning of road design, It has been neglect to introduce the anti-noise design and layout of road structural scheme as gadient,cutting and viaduct,embankment and zonning of roadside land-buffer area and also re-designation of noise sensitive areas,etc. Secondly ,concerned with the railroad trafffic noise, a inhabitants who are over the envionmetal noise limits,70dB(A), 65 dB(A) in day and night for 34 locations of mayor cities was exposured of 167,000 and 329,000 respectively. With the development of noise mitigation schemes in line with this study it is likely that noise monitoring system needs new installation as well as common use of noise assessment index with $L_{MAX}\;and\;L_{EQ}$. Lastly,noise complaints of millitary aircraft has been rapidly increasing ,so 2.9%(1.4 minion) person demands a compansation of \2,133 billion complying with their requirements we suggest to minimise the airport noise that is to develop of noise abatement procedure ,to make new noise index, to increase budget for house insulations and also to more increase of those the noise monitoring system and to unify the management etc.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.