• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2006

As the imports of foreign agricultural products are liberalized and the consumption of agricultural products declines, abandoned rice paddy fields continues to rise. However, such abandoned rice paddy fields has not been precisely surveyed yet. In this backdrop, a necessity to develop technology to utilize such abandoned rice paddy fields has emerged. Utilization of abandoned rice paddy fields as wetlands may be a good example. This study aimed to survey the current status and characteristics of wetlands created within abandoned rice paddy fields by selecting abandoned rice paddy fields throughout the nation and conducting field surveys on the sites that had transformed into wetlands. The abandoned rice paddy fields almost transformed into wetland and the types of wetlands transformed from abandoned rice paddy fields were mainly Inland/Moutain/Depression/Abandoned rice paddy fields/Marsh/Phragmites communis community and Inland/Moutain/Depression/Abandoned rice paddy fields/Swamp/Salix koreensis community. Abandoned rice paddy fields that had transformed into wetlands was depending heavily on waterways for water supply than other reservoirs and lakes do. Abandoned rice paddy fields transformed into wetlands was most observed in mountainous area. Abandoned rice paddy fields are because agricultural land is no longer profitable due to international and social changes and is not cultivated as government policy. Wetland period and dimension originated from abandoned rice paddy fields are very various and its surrounding land its mostly forest and the next largest follow roads and rural community. The abandoned rice paddy fields transformed into wetlands is mostly deserted currently. Despite their value as wetlands, no restoration and utilization efforts are made in Korea today. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a precise current status survey on these areas and introduce management and restoration plans at the government level in the case of important habitats.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.213-223
• /
• 2008

The increasing area of abandoned rice fields could provide new opportunities for wetland restoration in Asia. However, it is unknown how quickly or completely abandoned rice fields will recover from agricultural disturbances. We assessed water quality and plant community succession in abandoned rice fields with different hydrology in a mountain valley to understand the effects of hydrological regime on recovery. Water level, soil redox potential, water quality, plant composition, and primary production were measured. The sites, coded as D6, N13, and N16, had been recovering for 6, 13, and 16 years by 2006. N13 and N16 have been recovering naturally whereas D6 has been drained with a nearby dike and was tilled in 2001. The typical hydroperiods of D6, N13, and N16 were no surface water, permanently flooded, and seasonally flooded, respectively. The major change in vegetation structure of both D6 and N13 was the replacement of herbaceous species by woody species. Drawdown accelerated this change because Salix koreensis grew better in damp conditions than in flooded conditions. Phragmites japonica reduced plot-level plant species richness. The removal efficiency of $NH_4-N$, $NO_3-N$, and $PO_4-P$ from water varied seasonally, ranging between -78.8 to 44.3%, 0 to 97.5%, and -26.0 to 44.4%, respectively. In summary, abandoned rice fields quickly became suitable habitat for native wetland plant species and improved regional water quality. Variation among our sites indicates that it is likely possible to manage abandoned rice fields, mostly through controlling hydrology, to achieve site-specific restoration goals.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.52-66
• /
• 2009

The increase of rice productivity, the decrease of rice demand, aging farmers, and the market-opening of rice along with the domestic and international conditions changes have been led to the increase of the abandoned rice paddy fields. Such abandoned rice paddy fields have been left in many areas and most of them have become wetlands. The purpose of this study is methodology of selection to the wetland for development in the abandoned rice paddy fields along with surroundings. The selection of habitat suitability index assessment study to conservation and restoration was done through hydrology, wild animals habitation, wetland vegetation, outside disturbance, and natural purification capacity assessment. In addition, the same method was applied to assessment items and standards for both the restoration site selection and the type of restoration. Both assessment items and standards were applied to the sites, drawn on the maps, and overlayer for the comprehensive map, and then the wetland suitability index was applied to the suitable site. The development technique was applied to 10 sites near the Banwol Stream watershed in Gunpo, Gyeonggi province. The selection of conservation, restoration, and the optimal sites can lead to not only the biodiveristy increase in agricultural or semi natural areas but also to the establishment of ecological networks in national level.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.199-206
• /
• 1996

휴경논의 증가가 쌀 생산량 감소의 원인이 됨에 따라 휴경논의 합리적 재이용을 위한 생태환경 변화 양상을 구명하기 위하여 중서부 평야 기후권에 속하는 경기도(수원 외 9)지역을 대상으로 휴경년수별로 토양특성과 식생변화를 조사한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 휴경논 토양의 pH, Ca, Mg 변동(變動)은 휴경기간이 길수록 심토보다 표토부분이 증가(增加)하는 경향을 나타내었다. 2. 미생물상은 휴경기간이 길수록 세균은 감소하고, 방선균은 증가 하였으나, 사상균은 변화가 작은 경향을 나타내었다. 3. 휴경논의 식생에 대한 휴경기간별 분포비율을 평균(平均)해서 비교해보면 일년생은 1년: 89.5%, 2년: 30.7%, 3년: 33.1% 다년생은 1년: 10.5%, 2년: 69.3%, 3년: 66.9%로 일년생 초종에서 급격히 다년생 초종으로 변화하였고, 초종수(草種數)도 종합하면 1년: 38종(種), 2년: 37종(種), 3년: 25종(種)으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 4. 휴경논에서 자라는 버드나무는 휴경기간이 길수록 본수, 직경, 초장이 증가하였으며 휴경논의 재경작시 가장 큰 문제 식생으로 생각되었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 2008

In order to understand the role of seed banks for restoration, seed banks in abandoned rice fields in the Gwangneung National Arboretum, central Korea were investigated using the seedling emergence method. The study sites represented three stages: an initial stage dominated by forbs such as Persicaria thunbergii and Juncus effuses var. decipiens, a middle stage dominated by Salix, and a late stage dominated by Quercus aliena and Prunus padus (in nearby riparian forest chosen as a reference stand). DCA ordination arranged the stands according to the number of years since abandonment. CCA ordination identified the dominant environmental variables correlated most closely with Axes 1 and 2 as $Mg^{2+}$ (intraset correlation was 0.827) and $K^+$ (intraset correlation was -0.677), respectively. Species richness and diversity decreased from the initial stage (H'=2.61) to the middle (H'=1.79) and late (H'=0.75) stages. A total of 49 species $(/m^2)$ and 18,620 seedlings $(/m^2)$ emerged out of the seed bank samples. The DCA ordination and similarity analysis detected a large discrepancy between the composition of the actual vegetation and the seed bank. We conclude that the contribution of seed bank to restoration is low. However, seed bank may help the recovery of forbs after disturbance. Some of our results are consistent with the tolerance model of succession whereas others follow the trajectory of the facilitation model. More research on succession will be required to understand the underlying mechanisms.

• 한국농림기상학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.110-115
• /
• 2003

한계농지 토양 내의 탄소와 질소의 동태에 관한 연구는 적절한 연구 대상지의 부족으로 지금까지 폭 넓게 이루어지지 못했다. 본 연구에서는 서울 근처의 검단산 일대에서 지속적으로 산림이었던 지역, 과거 논으로 이용되었던 지역, 과거 밭으로 이용되었던 지역 등 세 곳의 연구 대상지를 선정하고 여기에서 2002년 7월 25일부터 2003년 1월 24일까지 토양 발생 $CO_2$와 무기태 질소의 유효도를 측정하였다. 현재 지속적으로 산림이었던 지역과 과거 논으로 이용되었던 지역은 낙엽활엽수림이고, 과거 밭으로 이용되었던 지역은 낙엽성 관목이 주 식생을 이루고 있다. 토양 발생 $CO_2$는 토양 온도의 계절적 변화에 따라 차이를 보였다. 본 연구 기간동안 토양 발생 $CO_2$량 (g $CO_2$/$m^2$/hr)의 평균은 각각 과거 논으로 이용되다. 산림으로 변한 지역이 0.42, 과거 밭으로 이용되다 관목으로 변한 지역이 0.50, 지속적으로 산림이었던 지역이 0.41로 나타났다. 토양 발생 $CO_2$와 토양 온도는 연구 지역간에 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 토양 습도는 주목할 만한 차이를 보였고, 토양 발생 $CO_2$에 대해 토양 습도는 매우 약한 상관관계를 나타냈다. 무기태 질소의 유효도는 세 곳의 연구 대상지에 따라 차이를 나타냈으며 이는 토양 수분과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.185-192
• /
• 2013

농촌인구의 감소와 잉여생산작물로 변화된 쌀의 수요에 대비해 최근 20-30년간 휴경논, 즉 묵논이 증가하여 왔으나, 새로운 작물재배지로의 전환 또는 용도지역 변경으로 인한 형질변경이 수반되지 않는 오지의 묵논은 점차 식물생태복원의 주요한 입지로 새롭게 부각되고 있다. 묵논의 입지적, 수리적 여건상 묵밭에 비해 식물의 천이가 활발하고, 습지로서의 기능과 다양한 생물 서식지로서의 기능 등 생태적으로 긍정적인 역할을 담당하게 될 묵논은 연차별로 식물군락의 변화양상이 달라진다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 전역에 분포하는 묵논을 대상으로 초기, 중기, 후기묵논으로 구분짓고, 각 시기별 식물군락의 변화양상에 대한 식물사회학적 연구가 수행되었다. 강원 경기 5개 권역, 충청남 북 2개 권역, 경상남 북 18개 권역, 전라남 북 10개 권역 등 총 35개 권역을 대상으로 총 203개소의 조사구에서 획득한 식생조사표를 이용하여 군락분류, 군락생태, 군락동태에 대한 비교분석이 이루어졌다. 본 연구를 통해 우리나라 초기, 중기, 후기의 천이단계별 식물군락은 각각 뚝새풀군락, 골풀군락, 버드나무군락으로 특징지어졌으며, 삼림 내 묵논 일부 지역에서 드물게 후기천이 단계에서 오리나무군락이 분포하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 군락의 발달은 대기후적, 지리적 조건과 관계없이 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 묵논식생의 천이단계는 일년생식물기-다년생식물기-관목식물기-교목림기로 발달해가는 천이단계로 구분할 수 있으나 중기묵논에서는 단계별 우점종이 뚜렷이 구분되지 않고 여러 종이 유사한 우점도로 혼생하였다. 군락분류를 통한 우리나라의 연차별 묵논의 식생특성을 분석한 결과, 새로운 생태복원모델로 관심이 높아지는 묵논식생의 변화양상을 파악하였으며, 이러한 결과는 휴경지의 생태복원 및 보전을 위한 기초 자료로써 매우 유효한 정보를 제공하게 될 것으로 기대된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.191-200
• /
• 1997

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the weed communities of the fields in Korea by methods of the ZM school of phytosociology. On the basis of the data obtained, the following vegetation units were recognized: A. summer weed community of rice field A-1. Oryzetea sativae: Sagittario-Monochorietum, A-2. Lemnetea minoris: Lemna paucicostata-Spirodela polyrrhiza community B. spring weed community of rice field B-1. Bidentetea tripartitae: Stellario-Ranunculetum cantoniensis C. summer weed community of arable land C-1. Chenopodietea Pinellio ternatae-Euphorbietum pseudochamaesyceslsynonym: Acalypho australis-Digirietum pectiniformis and Cephalonoploso segetti-Geranietum eriostemonii of North Korea in Dostal다 et al.(1990)] and Phyllantho urinariae-Lindernietum crustaceae D. weed community of fallow field D-1. Erigeron sumatrensis-Erigeron anmus community, D-2. Digitaria adscendens-Portulaca oleracea community, D-3. Chenopodium album community, and D-4. Erigeron canadensis-Erigeron annuus community. Generally compared to the Korean Peninsula, the weed communities in the fields of Cheju Island is much plentiful in their species composition.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.131-140
• /
• 2013

In Korea, many paddy fields in mountainous area have been abandoned because of their low accessibility and rice price and the abandoned paddy terraces have changed into natural lentic wetlands. To understand the relationship between characteristics of environmental conditions and early development of plant community in abandoned paddy terraces, we investigated at four well-maintained abandoned paddy terraces in 3 different climatic zones in Korea. Soil texture of abandoned paddy terraces was mostly kinds of loam and electric conductivity of soil was also similar among abandoned paddy terraces. On the other hand, contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium in soil were relatively low and significantly different among abandoned paddy terraces. Water depth was different within sites and inter-sites. Although environmental conditions including climate, soil condition and water depth were different among abandoned paddy terraces, the compositions of plant communities were relatively similar in all abandoned paddy terraces. 55 dominant taxa out of 141 recorded species were commonly recorded over sites and they were mostly perennial obligate wetland plants and facultative wetland plants. 8 taxa out of 55 dominant taxa occurred at all abandoned paddy terraces with over 10% coverage. Several site-specific species occurred at site, which have some area with deep water level. This result indicates that early development of plant community in abandoned paddy terraces of similar water regime is similar in the entire area of Korea even though environmental conditions such as climate, biogeographic history and soil are different.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.219-224
• /
• 2019

BACKGROUND: Soil bacteria play important roles in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling during the non-growing season. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of soil management and chemical properties on the utilization of carbon sources by soil bacteria in paddy fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Biolog EcoPlate was used for analyzing community-level carbon substrate utilization profiles of soil bacteria. Soils were collected from the following three types of areas: plain, interface and mountain areas, which were tested to investigate the topology effect. The results of canonical correspondence analysis and Kendall rank correlation analysis showed that soil C/N ratio and NH₄⁺ influenced utilization of carbon sources by bacteria. The utilization of carbohydrates and complex carbon sources were positively correlated with NH₄⁺ concentration. Cultivated paddy fields were compared with adjacent abandoned fields to investigate the impact of cultivation cessation. The level of utilization of putrescine was lower in abandoned fields than in cultivated fields. Monoculture fields were compared with double cropping fields cultivated with barley to investigate the impact of winter crop cultivation. Cropping system altered bacterial use of carbon sources, as reflected by the enhanced utilization of 2-hydroxy benzoic acid under monoculture conditions. CONCLUSION: These results show that soil use intensity and topological characteristics have a minimal impact on soil bacterial functioning in relation to carbon substrate utilization. Moreover, soil chemical properties were found to be important factors determining the physiological profile of the soil bacterial community in paddy fields.