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성인남녀의 피부 냉점 분포에 관한 연구 (Study on skin cold spot distributions of Korean adult)

  • 최정화;설향
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제23권5호
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    • pp.667-671
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    • 1999
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the number of skin cold receptor in Korean adult as a part of the study to investigate thermal physiological characteristics of Korean. For this 10 healthy subjects were placed in a climatic chamber and received cold stimulation of 1$0^{\circ}C$ on skin surface of each measuring site with a thermo-stimulator. As a result of cold spot measurement we found 23 points/cm2 at face 13. points/cm2 at chest 16 points/cm2 at abdomen 11 points/cm2 at back 14 points/cm2 at upper arm 16 points/cm2 at forearm 18 points/cm2 at back of the hand 15 points/cm2 at thigh 8 points/cm2 at leg 12 points/cm2 at dorsum of foot 8 points/cm2 at sole of foot in male subjects and in female subjects we fund 18 points/cm2 at face 13 points/cm2 at forearm 11 points/cm2 at at back of the hand 8 points/cm2 at palm 9 points/cm2 at thigh 6 points/cm2 at leg 8 points/cm2 at dorsum of foot 2 points/cm2 at sole of foot. The distributions of cold spots varied in different regions of the body surface and was exceptionally dense in the facial skin. There were some differences among other researchers' results but the cause of those differences are not yet known those are due to individual or methodological difference.

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Criteria of Nitrate Concentration in Soil Solution and Leaf Petiole Juice for Fertigation of Cucumber under Greenhouse Cultivation in Gyeonggi region

  • Park, Jung-Soo;Roh, Ahn-Sung;Jang, Jae-Eun;Kang, Chang-Sung;Kim, Hee-Dong
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제48권4호
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    • pp.295-304
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    • 2015
  • To develop a technique for efficient management of fertility for cucumber in greenhouse, a quick test method to quantify nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) content in soil solution and leaf petiole juice using a simple instrument that are easy to use for farmers was investigated. N fertilizer (urea) was applied at 0, 50, 100 and 200% levels of the recommended application rate from 30 days after transplanting to harvest by soil fertigation treatments. Stable results were obtained from analysis of nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) using top $10^{th}$ or $11^{th}$ leaf petioles collected between 10 to 11 am in the morning. Under the semiforcing culture, $NO_3{^-}$ content of leaf petiole juice was highest at 60 days after transplanting (DAT) at all fertigation treatments. Appropriate $NO_3{^-}$content of leaf petiole juice was $2,418{\pm}78{\sim}2,668{\pm}118$ at 45 DAT, $3,032{\pm}90{\sim}3,332{\pm}63$ at 60 DAT, $2,709{\pm}50{\sim}3,158{\pm}155$ at 75 DAT, $2,535{\pm}49{\sim}2,907{\pm}83$ at 90 DAT, and $2,242{\pm}48mg\;L^{-1}$ at 105 DAT. In addition, appropriate $NO_3{^-}$ content of soil solution was $167{\pm}9{\sim}212{\pm}15$ at 45 DAT, $83{\pm}10{\sim}112{\pm}12$ at 60 DAT, $49{\pm}3{\sim}92{\pm}6$ at 75 DAT, $71{\pm}9{\sim}103{\pm}9$ at 90 DAT, and $73{\pm}9mg\;L^{-1}$ at 105 DAT. The cucumber yield at 100% N level of fertigation was $7,770kg\;10a^{-1}$ and no difference in yield was found at 200% N level of fertigation. However, there was 12% decrease in yield at 50% N fertigation and, 17% decrease at 0% N fertigation. Under retarding culture, $NO_3{^-}$ concentration of leaf petiole juice was highest at 55 days after transplanting (DAT) at all fertigation treatments. Appropriate $NO_3{^-}$ content of leaf petiole juice was $2,464{\pm}102{\sim}2,651{\pm}33$ at 45 DAT, $3,025{\pm}71{\sim}3,314{\pm}84$ at 55 DAT and $2,488{\pm}92mg\;L^{-1}$ at 65 DAT, respectively. Appropriate $NO_3{^-}$ content of soil solution was $111{\pm}10{\sim}155{\pm}14$ at 45 DAT, $93{\pm}7{\sim}147{\pm}14$ at 55 DAT, $67{\pm}4mg\;L^{-1}$at 65 DAT, respectively. The cucumber yield at 50% N fertigation was not different from $1,697kg\;10a^{-1}$ of 100% N fertigation level and even with that of the 200% N fertigation. However, there was 21% decrease in yield at 0% N fertigation.

Carbon Footprint and Mitigation of Vegetables Produced at Open Fields and Film House using Life Cycle Assessment

  • Lee, Deog Bae;Jung, Sun Chul;So, Kyu Ho;Kim, Gun Yeob;Jeong, Hyun Cheol;Sonn, Yeon Gyu
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제47권6호
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    • pp.457-463
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    • 2014
  • This study was carried out to find out major factors to mitigate carbon emission using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). System boundary of LCA was confined from sowing to packaging during vegetable production. Input amount of agri-materials was calculated on 2007 Income reference of white radish, chinese cabbage and chive produced at open field and film house published by Rural Development Administration. Domestic data and Ecoinvent data were used for emission factors of each agri-material based on the 1996 IPCC guideline. Carbon footprint of white radish was 0.19 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at open fields, 0.133 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at film house, that of chinese cabbage was 0.22 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at open fields, 0.19 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at film house, and that of chive was 0.66 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at open fields and 1.04 kg $CO_2kg^{-1}$ at film house. The high carbon footprint of chive was related to lower vegetable production and higher fuel usage as compared to white radish and Chinese cabbage. The mean proportion of carbon emission was 35.7% during the manufacturing byproduct fertilizer; white radish at open fields was 50.6%, white radish at film house 13.1%, Chinese cabbage at outdoor 38.4%, Chinese cabbage at film house 34.0%, chive at outdoor 50.6%, and chive at film house 36.0%. Carbon emission, on average, for the step of manufacturing and combustion accounted for 16.1% of the total emission; white radish at open fields was 4.3%, white radish at film house 15.6%, Chinese cabbage at open fields 6.9%, Chinese cabbage at film house 19.0%, chive at open fields 12.5%, and chive at film house 29.1%. On the while, mean proportion of carbon footprint for the step of $N_2O$ emission was 29.2%; white radish at open fields was 39.2%, white radish at film house 41.9%, Chinese cabbage at open fields 34.4%, Chinese cabbage at film house 23.1%, chive at open fields 28.8%, and chive at film house 17.1%. Fertilizer was the primary factor and fuel was the secondary factor for carbon emission among the vegetables of this study. It was suggested to use Heug-To-Ram web-service system, http://soil.rda.go.kr, for the scientific fertilization based on soil testing, and for increase of energy efficiency to produce low carbon vegetable.

심정격(心正格)의 보혈(補穴), 신정격(腎正格)의 보혈(補穴), 심정격(心正格)의 보혈(補穴) 배신정격(配腎正格)의 보혈(補穴) 및 심정격(心正格) 자침(刺鍼)이 실험적(實驗的) 뇌허혈(腦虛血)에 미치는 영향(影響) (The Effects of Reinforcing Acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK, Reinforcing Acupoint of Kidney JEONGGYEOK, Combination of Reinforcing Acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK and Kidney JEONGGYEOK, Reinforcing and Reducing Acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK on Focal Ischemia Induced by Inserted Intraluminal Filament in MCA of Rats)

  • 황문현;윤대환;나창수
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.43-56
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    • 2005
  • Objectives : The acupuncture has been used as treatment of disease in the oriental medicine. In this study, it was investigated at had an effects of Heart JEONGGYEOK(心正格) of SAAM five evolutive phase acupuncture techniques(舍岩五行鑛法) for appling deficiency in the heart induced by experimental focal ischemia. Materials and methods : The focal ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2hours. The groups divided into 6 groups, normal(intactness group), control(no therapy group after ischemia-induced), AT1(reinforcing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9 after ischemia-induced), AT2(reinforcing acupoint of Kidney JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced) AT3(combination of reinforcing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK and Kidney JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, LU8, KI7 after ischemia-induced) AT4(reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LR1, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced), AT4(reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK : acupuncture therapy group at LRI, HT9, HT3, KI10 after ischemia-induced). Acupuncture therapy was carried out during 3 weeks after focal ischemia-induced. Eight-arm radial maze was used for the behavioral task and neuropretective effect of acupuncture therapy was observed by Cresyl violet, AchE, ChAT-stain. Results : The error rate in the eight-arm radial maze task was significantly decreased in AT3 group on 3days, in AT1 and AT4 groups on 4days, in AT3 and AT4 groups on 5days compared to the control group. The rate of correct choice was significantly increased AT4 group compared to the control group. The density of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in all experiment groups, AT1, AT2, AT3 and AT4 groups compared to the control group. The density of AchE in the hippocampal CA1 was significantly increased in AT4 group compared to the control group. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 were significantly increased in AT1 and AT3 group compared to the control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that reinforcing and reducing acupoint of Heart JEONGGYEOK could be used as a medication for controlling the stroke by deficiency in the heart.

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Changes of Air Permeability and Moisture Absorption Capability of the Wood by Organosolv Pretreatment

  • Kang, Chun-Won;Jang, Eun-Suk;Jang, Sangsik;Kang, Ho-Yang;Li, Chengyuan;Choi, In-Gyu
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • 제46권6호
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    • pp.637-644
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    • 2018
  • The air permeability of yellow poplar log cross section before and after organosolv pretreatment was investigated, and the moisture absorption of control and organosolv pretreated rectangular parallelepiped specimens was investigated in this study. It was revealed that the diameters of through pores were enlarged and the number of bigger pore was increased by the organosolv pretreatment. The air permeabilities of the cross sections of yellow poplar log were changed from 1.61 darcy to 23.30 darcy, but their weights were reduced by 5 percent. The equilibrium moisture content of control wood specimen at the exposed relative humidity were 5.9 % at 32 %, 9.7 % at 58 %, 14.8 % at 80.5 %, 19.7 % at 90 %, 25.7 % at 95 % and 29.9 % at 100%. The equilibrium moisture content of the specimens pretreated with the parameter of sulfuric acid catalyst of 0.5 % (w/w) were 19.5 % at 32 %, 29.3 % at 58 %, 39.6 % at 80.5 %, 59 % at 90 %, 111.3 % at 95 % and 111.3 % at 100 %, while those pretreated with the parameter of sulfuric acid catalyst of 1.0 % (w/w) were 17.4 % at 32 %, 23.9 % at 58 %, 27.7 % at 80.5 %, 40.6 % at 90 %, 68.8 % at 95 % and 110.0 % at 100 %. The moisture absorption of organosolv pretreated rectangular parallelepiped specimens was higher than that of control specimen.

수송 트레일러의 충격 흡수 장치 개발(I) - 보급기종에 대한 특성 및 진단 - (Development of Vibration Absorption Device for the Transportation-Trailer System(I) - Characteristics for the existing vehicle -)

  • 이홍주;홍종호;이성범;김성엽
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.89-96
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    • 2003
  • This study was aimed to identify how the main body vibration of power tiller will be transmitted to the trailer, and to find out the basic information for demage reducing method of agricultural products during transportation. The vertical vibration acceleration level was measured at 6 positions, i.e. engine, hitch, seal and three parts of trailer (front middle, and rear) for the not driving but at the engine speeds of 1,000rpm and driving at 0.35m/s. The results of this research could be summarized as follows; 1. For not driving, the accumulated acceleration level up to 120Hz was 50% of total accelerations at engine part and those were 28~41% at other parts. Those up to 40Hz were 20~30% at engine and hitch part and 2~8% at trailer part. And those up to 20Hz were 13~20% at engine and hitch part and 1~4% at trailer part 2. For the driving with 0.35m/s at paved road, the average vertical accelerations were in the range of 0.005~0.058m/s$^2$. The lowest value of 0.005m/s$^2$ was showed at engine part and the value of 0.031-0.058m/s$^2$ was showed at trailer part. 3. For the driving with 0.35m/s, the accumulated value of average vertical accelerations showed the lowest value at engine parts md showed 5 times value of engine part at trailer part especially highest value at middle part of trailer. 4. For the driving with 0.35m/s, the accumulated acceleration level up to 120Hz was 75% of total accelerations at engine part and those were 20~42% at other parts. Ant those up to 20Hz and 40Hz were 24~26% at engine part and 0.1~0.6% at trailer part.

Renal mRNA Expression of Renin, $AT_1$ Receptor, TGF-${\beta}1$ and Fibronectin in Obstructive Nephropathy

  • Yang, Eun-Kyoung;Kim, In-Kyeom
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.55-63
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    • 1997
  • The present study was designed to quantify the alterations of renal renin, angiotensin type I receptor ($AT_1$), $TGF-{\beta}1$, and fibronectin gene expression in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). We also investigated the change of $AT_1$ density during UUO. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique and receptor binding assay were used to detect mRNA expression and receptor density, respectively. At one day after UUO, renin mRNA level of the obstructed kidneys was decreased transiently and then subsequently increased to the level of sham kidneys. In the contralateral kidneys of the same rats, on the contrary, renin mRNA level was gradually decreased. Then, at 9 days after UUO, it was significantly lower than that of sham kidneys. The expressions of both $AT_1$ subtypes, called $AT_{1A}$ and $AT_{1B}$, mRNAs did not change at any time. UUO led to a significant decrease in $AT_1$ density in the obstructed kidneys compared with the sham kidneys at 1 and 3 days $(66\;{\pm}\;11.6%\;(p<0.005)\;and\;73\;{\pm}\;4.0%$ (p<0.01), respectively). Thereafter, $AT_1$ density was gradually increased and at 9 days it showed a marked elevation in the obstructed kidneys compared to the sham kidneys. In contrast, in the contralateral kidneys $AT_1$ density was significantly reduced from 3 to 9 days after UUO. The $TGF-{\beta}$1 mRNA level of the obstructed kidneys was unexpectedly decreased at 6 days after UUO. Then, at 9 days it was followed by a significant increase in the obstructed kidneys, whereas it showed an obvious decrease in the contralateral kidneys. In addition, fibronectin mRNA level was also significantly increased in the obstructed kidneys after UUO compared to the sham or the contralateral kidneys of the same rats. These results suggest a differential regulation of renal renin, $AT_1$ receptor, $TGF-{\beta}$1 and fibronectin mRNA levels at different stages of UUO.

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10 year follow up of a boy with Lesch Nyhan Syndrome

  • Kim, Sook Za;Song, Wung Ju
    • 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.88-98
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    • 2011
  • Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a X-linked recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanidine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), enzyme to recycle purines. Case history: born induced vaginal delivery at 40 weeks complicated by premature membrane ruputure, body weight 2.820 gm. He showed failure to thrive showing severe protein aversion like milk products and pink daper. Developmental delay revealing rolling over at 10.5 month, followed by regression. Seizure at 2 months, His poor oral feeding was lifelong problem. Weak crying, spastic, choreoathetoid movement. Self mutilating behavior noted and diagnosed at age 3 years. No family history of consanguinity and neurological disorders. Method: Laboratory test, physical exam, imaging study and molecular. Clinical follow up Treat ment with allopurinol. Result: uric acid 10.5 mg/dL (N 3.5-7.9), APRT 151.1uM/ min/ml pro(25.7-101), HPRT 7.6 (N 233.5-701) and c.151C>T hemizygote (p,Arg51X). Abdominal sonogram showed staghorn calculi in both kidneys, brain MRI brain atrophy. Clinical follow up showed, seizure at 2 mo, developmental delay (head control and, rolling over at at 11mo, pointing body part at 2 yr 7 mo, eye hand coordination at 2 y 11mo,creeping at 3 y 7 mo, speaking words at 6 y 6 mo ),and developmental regression at 3 yr of age. Sleeping problem including insomnia and severe constipation. Self mutilating behavior (lip bite) started at 2.5 yr, neurologic sx including intermittent upward gaze accompanied by swallowing difficulty at 3 y 7 mo grand mal seizure at 4.5 yr and spastic extremity and trunchal hypotonia and choleoathetoid movement and ataxia at 6.5 yr. Scoliosis with severe spasticity at 9 yr 9 mo. Acute life threatening episode with irregular breathing at 9 yr and 9 mo, Emaciation and nephrolithiasis and recurrent pneumonia. Died suddenly at 10 yr 3 mo. Conclusion: life long feeding problem, chronic gut motility dysfunction, sleeping difficulty and progressing neurologic deterioration and nephrolithiasis despite normal serum uric acid maintence by allopurinol treatment.

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저장조건에 따른 복어육의 유리아미노산 및 핵산 화합물의 변화 (Change of Free Amino Acid and Nucleotide Compound of Puffer Fish Fillet under Storage Condition)

  • 문승권;성기협;유승석
    • 한국식품조리과학회지
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.249-255
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    • 2012
  • The objectives of this study were to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of puffer fish under storage conditions. Free amino acids were identified in the order of taurine > alanine > lysine > leucine > glutamic acid > valine. Glutamic acid, lysine, histidine, arginine, proline, and aspartic acid increased over time and with increased temperature, and valine and tyrosine were affected by temperature. ATP decreased dramatically during 36 h of storage at $4^{\circ}C$, 24 h of storage at $12^{\circ}C$, and 16 h of storage at $20^{\circ}C$. IMP reached its highest level when puffer fish was stored for 36 h at 4 and $12^{\circ}C$ and 24 h at $20^{\circ}C$, and hypoxanthine levels grew steeply at 60 h at $4^{\circ}C$, 24 h at $12^{\circ}C$ and 20 h at $20^{\circ}C$. In terms of K value, the puffer fish was available for sliced raw fish within 60 h at $4^{\circ}C$, 24 h at $12^{\circ}C$ and 12 h at $20^{\circ}C$, and the fish can be taken in after cooking within 72 h at $4^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$ and 36 h at $20^{\circ}C$. The physicochemical quality characteristics showed that puffer fish is available for sliced raw fish within 36 h at $4^{\circ}C$, 16 h at $12^{\circ}C$ and 12 h at $20^{\circ}C$, and that the fish can be taken after cooking within 72 h at $4^{\circ}C$ and $12^{\circ}C$ and 36 h at $20^{\circ}C$.

진도개에서 임신일령에 따른 임신구조물의 초음파상 I. 태아 및 태아외구조물의 최초 관찰시기 (Ultrasonographic appearance of the gestational structures throughout accurately timed pregnancy in Korea Jin-do dogs I. Time of initial detection of the fetal and extra-fetal structures)

  • 강병규;손창호;신창록;최한선;오기석;박인철
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제36권1호
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    • pp.235-245
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    • 1996
  • Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 9 pregnant Korea Jin-do bitches that were the Korean native breed, from days 15 to 60 pregnancy to determine the time of first detection and ultrasonographic appearance of the fetal and extra-fetal structures of pregnancy. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (Day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. Gestational ages at earliest detection of the following fetal and extra-fetal structures were; gestational sac at days 17 to 22; placental layers in the uterine wall at days 20 to 24; zonary placenta at days 25 to 28; yolk sac membrane at days 22 to 24; amnionic membrane at days 27 to 29; embryo initial detection at days 21 to 23; fetal heartbeat at days 21 m 25; bipolar shape embryo at days 25 to 26; fetal movement at days 28 to 31; limb buds at days 31 to 35; anechoic area in head at days 31 to 36; stomach at days 34 to 37; urinary bladder at days 34 to 37; skeleton at days 36 to 38; dorsal sagittal tubular structure in vertebrae at days 36 to 38; lung hyperechoic vs liver at days 37 to 39; liver hypoechoic vs abdomen at days 37 to 40 and kidney at days 43 to 48, respectively.

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