• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.141-150
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aimed to comprehend the characteristics of Korean medicine patterns in relation to varying degrees of cognitive impairment in an elderly population. Methods: The dataset included 127 elderly individuals with cognitive impairment obtained from three Korean medicine hospitals between 2018 and 2021. The participants were categorized into two groups based on Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) scores: those with questionable impairment (QI) and those with very mild dementia (VMD). A diagnostic framework for Korean medicine patterns encompassing Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency, Phlegm dampness, and Heat-fire was employed. Liver blood markers, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and the AST/ALT ratio, were also analyzed. Results: The scores of the cognitive assessment tools (MoCA-K, MMSE-DS, and K-IADL) of the QI group significantly differed from those of the VMD group. CDR-SB exhibited a positive correlation with the scores of each pattern of Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency, Phlegm dampness, and Heat-fire, whereas ALT and AST values displayed negative correlations. Binomial logistic analysis, controlling for potential confounders, such as age, education years, body mass index, the presence of chronic disease, and the presence of medication, verified that the VMD group showed higher pattern scores and lower ALT and AST values than the QI group. Conclusions: Increases in pattern scores along with decreased AST and ALT levels might be indicative of more severe cognitive impairment.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effects of green tea activites in rats with administration of aluminum in drinking green tea. Male Sprague-Daweley rats were divided into five groups consisting of the control, aqueous green tea at the level of 1.5%, a aquous green tea(1.5%) and aluminum sulfate solution 500ppm, before the 2 weeks administration by aquous green tea(1.5%) and after the 2 weeks aluminum sulfate solution 500ppm, aluminum sulfate solution 500ppm. After 4weeks of feeding, serum enzymes activites were measured for experimental rats, and analyzed the activites of alanine amino trans aminase(ALT), asparate amino transminase(AST) , lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), cholinesterase(ChE). Comparing to control group, Alanine amino trans aminase (ALT) was decreased in aqueous green tea administrated group and increased significantly administration by aluminum sulfate solution 500ppm group. Alanine amino trans aminase(ALT) was decreased administration by aqueous green tea group and Increased addition to aluminum sulfate solution 500ppm group as compared to control group. Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) was increased compared to control group by experimental group and increased significantly administration by aluminum sulfate solution 500ppm. Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was decreased compared to control group by experimental group.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.32-42
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• 2024

This study compared the results of hemolyzed samples and re-collected samples to investigate a hemolysis influence and an acceptable hemolysis index (HI). Before and after hemolysis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), amylase (Amy), direct bilirubin (D-bil), total bilirubin (T-bil), creatine phosphokinase (CK), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), iron, potassium (K), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (Phos), total protein (TP), and uric acid (UA) showed significant results in the paired t-test. LDH, K, iron, AST, CK, GGT, TP, Amy and Phos had a high correlation between the degree of hemolysis and the results of samples. When comparing Roche's cut-off HI with HI^QChigh obtained using quality control (QC) high standard deviation (SD), AST, D-bil, CK, and LDH were similar, but Amy, GGT, K, iron, Phos, and TP were lower than the cut-off HI of Roche, while ALP and ALT were higher. Some analytes which showed no significant results in the paired t-test, were found to have significant results in HI>200. Hence, it is suggested that the hemolyzed sample should be rejected if HI>200. Based on this study that some analytes were affected when HI<100, we recommend to set the standard of hemolysis starting from HI>50.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.410-413
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• 2006

This study was done to investigate the protective effects of Iljungbogan-Tang on acute hepatotoxicity of rats induced by $CCL_4$ and acetaminophen. The subject animals were divided into 3 groups : control group(administrated 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose), sample group(30, 100, 300, 600mg/kg administrated), positive control group (administrated silymarine), Acute hepatotoxicity of rats were induced by $CCL_4$ and acetaminophen, and the serum transaminase(AST, ALT) were measured for enzyme activities. The inhibitory effects on the serum AST activities were noted in sample group(100, 300, 600mg/kg administrated) on hepatotoxicity of rats induced by $CCL_4$. The inhibitory effects on the serum AST, ALT activities were noted in sample group(30mg/kg administrated) on hepatotoxicity of rats induced by acetaminophen. The inhibitory effects on the serum AST activities were noted in sample group(600mg/kg single dose administrated) on hepatotoxicity of rats induced by acetaminophen. It is considered that Iljungbogan-Tang has protective effects against hepatotoxicity in rats induced by $CCL_4$ and acetaminophen. So it is required to study about the actions of mutual relation of medicines and patho-mechanism through experiment.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate hepatoprotective effect of rutin on acute hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups; normal control group, $CCl_4$ control group, two rutin treatment groups (rutin 200+$CCl_4$ and rutin 400+$CCl_4$). Dissolving vehicles were applied to the rats in the normal control group. The rutin was administrated to the rats in rutin 200+$CCl_4$ and rutin 400+$CCl_4$ groups at the levels of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, 3 consecutive days orally, with 24 hours interval before inoculating $CCl_4$. $CCl_4$ was intraperitoneally administered an hour after the last treatment of rutin to the rats in every group except the normal control group. The body weight of rats in $CCl_4$ control group were significantly lower than other groups (p < 0.05), but the liver weight and relative liver weight were higher than normal control group (p < 0.05). The activities of ALT, AST, ALP, GTP, LDH and the level of total bilirubin in sera of rats in $CCl_4$ control group were higher and the levels of total protein, albumin and globulin were lower than the normal group (p < 0.05). The activities of ALT, AST, ALP, GTP, LDH and the level of total bilirubin in rutin 200+$CCl_4$ and rutin 400+$CCl_4$ groups were lower than $CCl_4$ control group (p < 0.05). Therefore the pre-treatment of rutin before $CCl_4$ inoculation in rats effectively inhibited the elevation of serum ALT, AST and total bilirubin which are the parameters of hepatic damage.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1996

The variation in the enzyme activities of human liver usually represents the particular physiological conditions of each individuals. Thus, we investigated the variation in the activities of SOD, HR and LPO of (1) non-exposed workers (56 subjects), and (2) exposed workers to DMF (43 subjects) in synthetic leather process. Serum levels of enzyme activities of exposed workers (AST:$30.26{\pm}20.041$U/L, ALT:$32.72{\pm}23.393$U/L, GGT:$28.47{\pm}18.635$ U/L, ALP:$81.77{\pm}34.879$ U/L)were slightly higher than those in nonexposed workers (AST:$24.00{\pm}9.441$ U/L, ALT:$23.89{\pm}18.305$U/L, GGT:$21.95{\pm}17.970$U/L, ALP:$70.84{\pm}24.678$U/L), but only the level of ALT was statistically significant (p< 0.05). Serum levels of LDH, TRF and CHOL in non-exposed workers were slightly higher than those of exposed workers. However, they were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Serum levels of HR and LPO of the exposed workers appeared to be reduced, but not those of the non-exposed workers. The SOD activities of exposed workers were also slightly higher than those of non-exposed workers, but the results were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The level of HR was increased with age, but the SOD level was not. These results suggest that the intermittent exposure to DMF at time-weighted average (TWA) level (10 ppm/$m^3$) has affected on the activities of enzymes such as AST, ALT, TRF, but not on the generation of HR, activity of SOD. However, if high dose of DMF was used, there would be severe effects for the generation of HR and LPO.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.218-225
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• 2006

Purpose: With a remarkable increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity, the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is assumed to be increasing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hyperlipidemia, and glucose intolerance in normal and obese children. Methods: A total of 2,206 elementary students (boys: 1340, girls: 866) were grouped according to obesity index; normal group and obesity group (mild, moderate, severe). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) were measured with total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose. Results: Compared with the 4.6% of elevated aminotransferases in normal group, obese groups showed significantly higher prevalence; 12.1% in mild obesity group, 19.4% in moderate group, and 21.6% in severe group (p<0.0001). The prevalence of hypertriglyceremia was 16.9% in normal weight group, which was significantly lower than obesity group (mild obesity group 30.3%, moderate and severe 37.6%, 38.2% each). In boys, the prevalences of elevated aminotransferases in normal weight and obese groups (mild, moderate, severe) were 6.8%, 18.0%, 23.0%, and 26.0%, respectively (p<0.0001). In girls, those were 2.1%, 5.1%, 12.0%, and 12.6%, respectively (p< 0.0001). The prevalence of hypertriglyceremia was relative to severity of obesity in boys and girls (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of elevated serum liver enzymes increased with severity of obesity. For the prevention and treatment of fatty liver and hypertriglycemia, it is important to lower the obesity degree and enforce the education for a weight loss in the student and the parents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1459-1466
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• 2010

This study was performed to identify the association between the metabolic syndrome and the biochemical measurements and nutrient intakes. A total of 1,431 people (533 males, 898 females) aged over 45 years living in Andong rural area participated in this study in 2003. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), $\gamma$-glutamyl transferase ($\gamma$-GT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in metabolic syndrome were significantly higher than those in normal group. In multiple logistic regression, those biochemical measurements were found to be positively associated with the metabolic syndrome as the adjusted odds ratios (OR) 1.839 (p<0.001) by AST, 2.302 (p<0.01) by ALT, 2.143 (p<0.001) by $\gamma$-GT, and 1.874 (p<0.001) by TBARS. We also found that the increased level of those measurements tended to be strongly associated with high triglyceride among the metabolic syndrome components. However, the nutrient intakes between the metabolic syndrome and the normal group were not significantly different. Also, we could not find any nutrient intakes significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome, except high carbohydrate intake (>70% of kcal) compared to normal intake (55~70% of kcal) showed OR 0.781 (p<0.05). In analyzing the association of nutrient intakes with metabolic syndrome components, we found that the calorie intake was negatively associated with abdominal obesity (OR 0.696, p<0.05) and high fat intake (>25% of kcal) was positively associated with low HDL-cholesterol (OR 1.864, p<0.05). This study revealed that the biochemical measurements, such as plasma AST, ALT, $\gamma$-GT, and TBARS, are associated with metabolic syndrome, but considering the nutrient intakes, we suggest that further studies are needed to identify the associations.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 2022

The blood and physiological changes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were analyzed when the water temperature was rapidly increased from 20℃ (control) to 26 and 32℃. The water temperature reached 26℃ and 32℃ within 6 hours from the water temperature of 20℃, and the control was maintained at 20℃ for the duration of the experiment. From each experimental group, blood was collected every 3, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the water temperature rise, and the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, cortisol, glucose, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) contents were analyzed. In the case of the crucian carp experimental group where the water temperature was raised to 32℃, the concentrations of plasma cortisol, glucose, AST and ALT increased 3 hours after the water temperature rise, and the concentrations did not decrease until 48 hours (P<0.05). Plasma cortisol, glucose, AST, and ALT in both C. carpio and C. auratus in the control group and the experimental group raised to 26℃ increased at 3 hours after the water temperature rise (P<0.05), and decreased to the value before the water temperature rise at 48 hours (P<0.05). The plasma Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^- concentrations of C. carpio and C. auratus in the experimental group where the water temperature was raised to 32℃ were higher than in the 20 and 26℃ experimental groups. The blood reaction of all experimental groups including the control group showed a common trend in both C. carpio and C. auratus increasing up to 12 hours after the water temperature rise and then decreasing at 48 hours after the water temperature rise. The results derived from this study would be useful for investigating the physiological response of fish stress in future. In addition, as fish mortality has recently occurred frequently in rivers and lakes, it is judged that it can be used as basic data.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2000

To study the stress response of coho salmon (Oncorhpohus kisutch) during transportation, the stress responses of the fish confined in a container box filled with freshwater or $5{\%{\circ}}$ salt-water were monitored pre and post 10 hours transportation. Changes of cortisol as the first stress indicator, and glucose (GLC), lactate (LAC), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), sodium ($Na^+$), chloride ($Cl^-$), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as the second stress indicators were compared between the fish in two hauling media. Results showed significantly lower levels of cortisol, GLC, LAC, TG, CHOL and AST in salt-water group than freshwater group, It was shown that using salt-water for transportation could lessen the stress level of the coho salmon.